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Kapadia W, Qin N, Zhao P, Phan CM, Haines L, Jones L, Ren CL. Shear-Thinning and Temperature-Dependent Viscosity Relationships of Contemporary Ocular Lubricants. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:1. [PMID: 35234832 PMCID: PMC8899858 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the shear viscosity of contemporary, commercially available ocular lubricants at various shear rates and temperatures and to derive relevant mathematical viscosity models that are impactful for prescribing and developing eye drops to treat dry eye disease. METHODS The shear viscosity of 12 ocular lubricants was measured using a rheometer and a temperature-controlled bath at clinically relevant temperatures at which users may experience exposure to the drops (out of the refrigerator [4.3°C]; room temperature [24.6°C]; ocular surface temperature [34.5°C]). Three replicates for each sample at each temperature were obtained using a standard volume (0.5 mL) of each sample. The viscosity of each ocular lubricant was measured over the full range of shear rates allowed by the rheometer. RESULTS The shear viscosity of the same ocular lubricant varied significantly among the three temperatures. In general, a higher temperature resulted in smaller viscosities than a lower temperature (an average of -48% relative change from 4.3°C to 24.6°C and -21% from 24.6°C to 34.5°C). At a constant temperature, the viscosity of an ocular lubricant over the studied shear rates can be well approximated by a power-law model. CONCLUSIONS Rheological analysis revealed that the ocular lubricants exhibited shear-thinning behavior at the measured temperatures. Differences in the ocular lubricants' formulations and measured temperatures resulted in different viscosities. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE When prescribing eye drops, eye care professionals can select the optimal one for their patients by considering a variety of factors, including its rheological property at physiologically relevant shear rates and temperatures, which can improve residence time on the ocular surface, while ensuring appropriate comfort and vision. However, care must be taken when using the derived mathematical models in this study because the in vivo shear behavior of the ocular lubricants has not been examined and might show deviations from those reported when placed on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Kapadia
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Chau-Minh Phan
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
| | - Lacey Haines
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong
| | - Carolyn L Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Wang Z, Kapadia W, Li C, Lin F, Pereira RF, Granja PL, Sarmento B, Cui W. Tissue-specific engineering: 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2021; 329:237-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kedzior SA, Kapadia W, Egberts P, Karan K, Trifkovic M, Bryant SL. In situ monitoring of the morphology evolution of interfacially-formed conductive nanocomposite films and their use as strain sensors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 554:305-314. [PMID: 31302368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Understanding and monitoring the film formation of interfacially formed layered films allows for the design of conductive nanocomposite films suitable for strain sensing. EXPERIMENTS To understand the mechanism of interfacial film formation, the hexane/water interface was monitored during the evaporation process via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were utilized to investigate final film morphology. Tensile testing was used to determine their mechanical properties under uniaxial strain. FINDINGS Conductive nanocomposite films were formed at the hexane/water interface. Due to their low colloidal stability in hexane, the Vulcan carbon (VC) nanoparticles settled to the hexane/water interface prior to the onset of paraffin wax precipitation. Consequently, after the evaporation of hexane a two-layer structured film was formed. The bottom (water-facing, VC-rich) layer was conductive due to the existence of a percolated network of nanoparticle aggregates, while the top (hexane facing, paraffin-rich) layer was not conductive. The films showed high sensitivity for strains between 1% and 10%. We propose that the mechanism of strain sensing is similar to that of layer-structured sensors fabricated through embedding conductive nanofillers onto flexible polymeric substrates. The advantage of the films derived by the method proposed here is their ease of fabrication as well as their low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Kedzior
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Wasim Kapadia
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Philip Egberts
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Milana Trifkovic
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Steven L Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Qiao YS, Li JK, Shen H, Bao HY, Jiang M, Liu Y, Kapadia W, Zhang HT, Yang HL. Comparison of Arthrodesis and Non-fusion to Treat Lisfranc Injuries. Orthop Surg 2017; 9:62-68. [PMID: 28276650 DOI: 10.1111/os.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE "Lisfranc joint injury" is comprised of a tarsometatarsal joint-complex injury. The Lisfranc complex injury is always a challenge for orthopedists, and the optimum treatment is still up for debate. Anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation prove to have no satisfactory outcomes. This research aims to compare the clinical curative effects, complications and radiographic features of arthrodesis and non-fusion of the Lisfranc joint in the follow-up of the patients who suffered Lisfranc injuries. METHODS A comparative retrospective study of 25 patients with acute or subacute Lisfranc complex injuries was conducted between September 2013 and March 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. All patients were classified by Myerson classification. Eight patients were treated with arthrodesis, while 17 patients received non-fusion operations. The clinical curative effects, complications and image differences were compared between the two groups. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score, Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score were evaluated for each patient during the follow-up. All statistics were analyzed using the SPSS software system. RESULTS All fractures healed for both the arthrodesis group and the non-fusion group. Patients in the arthrodesis group had a higher AOFAS score compared with patients in the non-fusion group (94.00 vs. 88.58, P = 0.034). Complications occurred in eight patients (8/17, 47%) in the non-arthrodesis group, including the second and third phalanx abduction (1), talipes cavus (2), eversion deformity of front foot (3), eversion deformity of calcaneus (1), as well as postoperative infection (1). Only two patients (2/8, 25%) in the arthrodesis group suffered complications. One was a limitation of motion of the front foot and pain during walking; the other was an eversion deformity of front foot. CONCLUSION Primary arthrodesis has advantages compared to primary open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF): reduced foot deformity rates, sustained biomechanical morphology of the feet, reduced complications, higher level of function recovery, shorter time of surgical procedures, fewer complications, higher AOFAS score and fewer frequency of complications. According to our research, primary arthrodesis may be a better choice for treating Lisfranc injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sen Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Jun-Kun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Hai-Yan Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Wasim Kapadia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Hui-Lin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
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Song Z, Ma Y, Xia G, Wang Y, Kapadia W, Sun Z, Wu W, Gu H, Cui W, Huang X. In vitro and in vivo combined antibacterial effect of levofloxacin/silver co-loaded electrospun fibrous membranes. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7632-7643. [PMID: 32264238 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Lev@MSN@Ag–PLLA fibers provided an advanced synergistic antibacterial nanoplatform of low dosage for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Song
- Department of General Surgery
- Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Guanggai Xia
- Department of General Surgery
- Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Wasim Kapadia
- Department of Orthopedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Zhiyong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Hongchen Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Orthopedic Institute
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Xinyu Huang
- Department of General Surgery
- Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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Quinn J, He Y, Khan DA, Rasmussen J, Patel H, Haider F, Kapadia W, Li Y. Synthesis, characterization, and air stability study of pyrimido[4,5-g]quinazoline-4,9-dione-based polymers for organic thin film transistors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of two novel π-conjugated pyrimido[4,5-g]quinazoline-4,9-dione (PQ) based polymers and reveals that the air stability of PQ based polymers is critically affected by the donor comonomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Quinn
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Yinghui He
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Daid A. Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Jonathan Rasmussen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Haritosh Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Fezza Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Wasim Kapadia
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
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