[Incidence and related factors of antiviral drug resistance in HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women in some areas of three western provinces of China from 2017 to 2019]

Objective: To analyze the incidence and related factors of drug resistance in HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women in some areas of three western provinces of China from 2017 to 2019. Methods: From April 2017 to April 2019, face-to-face questionnaires and blood sample testing were conducted in all health care institutions providing maternal and perinatal care and midwifery-assisted services in 7 prevention of mother-to-child transmissi project areas in Xinjiang, Yunnan and Guangxi provinces/autonomous regions. Information was collected during the perinatal period and viral load, CD4+T lymphocytes and drug resistance genes were detected at the same time. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between different factors and drug resistance in HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women. Results: A total of 655 HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women were included in this study. The incidence of drug resistance was 3.4% (22/655), all of whom were cross-drug resistant. The rate of low, moderate and high drug resistance was 2.1% (14/655), 1.2% (8/655) and 0.8% (5/655), respectively. The drug resistance rate in the people who had previously used antiviral drugs was 1.9% (8/418), and the drug resistance rate in the people who had not used drugs was 5.9% (14/237). The NNRTI drug resistance accounted for 2.8% (18/655) and the NRTI drug resistance rate was 2.5% (16/655). The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the risk of HIV resistance was lower in pregnant women who had previously used antiviral drugs (OR=0.32, 95%CI: 0.11-0.76). Conclusion: Strengthening the management of antiviral drug use and focusing on pregnant and postpartum women who have not previously used antiviral drugs can help reduce the occurrence of drug-resistant mutations. Personalized antiviral therapy should be considered to achieve viral inhibition effects in clinical practice.

Global view on virus infection in non-human primates and implications for public health and wildlife conservation

Viruses can be transmitted from animals to humans (and vice versa) and across animal species. As such, host-virus interactions and transmission have attracted considerable attention. Non-human primates (NHPs), our closest evolutionary relatives, are susceptible to human viruses and certain pathogens are known to circulate between humans and NHPs. Here, we generated global statistics on virus infections in NHPs (VI-NHPs) based on a literature search and public data mining. In total, 140 NHP species from 12 families are reported to be infected by 186 DNA and RNA virus species, 68.8% of which are also found in humans, indicating high potential for crossing species boundaries. The top 10 NHP species with high centrality in the NHP-virus network include two great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus) and eight Old World monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. leonina, Papio cynocephalus, Cercopithecus ascanius, C. erythrotis, Chlorocebus aethiops, and Allochrocebus lhoesti). Given the wide distribution of Old World monkeys and their frequent contact with humans, there is a high risk of virus circulation between humans and such species. Thus, we suggest recurring epidemiological surveillance of NHPs, specifically Old World monkeys that are in frequent contact with humans, and other effective measures to prevent potential circulation and transmission of viruses. Avoidance of false positives and sampling bias should also be a focus in future work.

Competition between two lasing modes of Sulforhodamine 640 in highly scattering media

Two lasing modes are observed for Sulforhodamine 640 in highly scattering media pumped by 3-ns 532-nm laser pulses. The stimulated-emission thresholds are found to depend on both concentration of laser dye and scattering particle density. At 2.5 x 10(-2) M dye solution with TiO(2) scattering nanoparticles from 5 x 10(9) cm(-3) to 10(11) cm(-3), the thresholds are found to decrease by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The dominating lasing modes are found to switch from 650 to 620 nm with the increase of density of scatterers.

Spectral and temporal measurements of laser action of Rhodamine 640 dye in strongly scattering media

Laser action of Rhodamine 640 perchlorate in highly scattering media consisting of TiO(2) nanoparticles in methanol pumped by a 3-ns 532-nm laser pulse is observed by use of spectral and temporal measurements. The threshold for stimulated emission is dependent on the concentration of both laser dye and scattering particles. For a 2.5 x 10(-2) M dye concentration, the lasing threshold was found to be reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude when the density of scattering particles was increased from 5 x 10(9) to 2.5 x 10(12) cm(-3). However, for a concentration of 5 x 10(-4) M of Rhodamine 640 the lasing threshold was higher in scattering media than for the methanol host. The pulse duration of stimulated emission for Rhodamine 640 perchlorate in these random systems is ~50 ps.