1
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Parma V, Ohla K, Veldhuizen MG, Niv MY, Kelly CE, Bakke AJ, Cooper KW, Bouysset C, Pirastu N, Dibattista M, Kaur R, Liuzza MT, Pepino MY, Schöpf V, Pereda-Loth V, Olsson SB, Gerkin RC, Rohlfs Domínguez P, Albayay J, Farruggia MC, Bhutani S, Fjaeldstad AW, Kumar R, Menini A, Bensafi M, Sandell M, Konstantinidis I, Di Pizio A, Genovese F, Öztürk L, Thomas-Danguin T, Frasnelli J, Boesveldt S, Saatci Ö, Saraiva LR, Lin C, Golebiowski J, Hwang LD, Ozdener MH, Guàrdia MD, Laudamiel C, Ritchie M, Havlícek J, Pierron D, Roura E, Navarro M, Nolden AA, Lim J, Whitcroft KL, Colquitt LR, Ferdenzi C, Brindha EV, Altundag A, Macchi A, Nunez-Parra A, Patel ZM, Fiorucci S, Philpott CM, Smith BC, Lundström JN, Mucignat C, Parker JK, van den Brink M, Schmuker M, Fischmeister FPS, Heinbockel T, Shields VDC, Faraji F, Santamaría E, Fredborg WEA, Morini G, Olofsson JK, Jalessi M, Karni N, D'Errico A, Alizadeh R, Pellegrino R, Meyer P, Huart C, Chen B, Soler GM, Alwashahi MK, Welge-Lüssen A, Freiherr J, de Groot JHB, Klein H, Okamoto M, Singh PB, Hsieh JW, Reed DR, Hummel T, Munger SD, Hayes JE. Corrigendum to: More Than Smell-COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6457126. [PMID: 34879393 PMCID: PMC8689756 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parma
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria G Veldhuizen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alyssa J Bakke
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Keiland W Cooper
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California and Qureshey Research Laboratory, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cédric Bouysset
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro, P.zza G. Cesare, Bari, Italy
| | - Rishemjit Kaur
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Loc. Germaneto), Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Y Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronica Pereda-Loth
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthese, UMR 5288 CNRS, Universitéde Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Shannon B Olsson
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Richard C Gerkin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Albayay
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael C Farruggia
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander W Fjaeldstad
- Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Central Denmark Region, Laegaardvej, Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Anna Menini
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies, SISSA, Via Bonomea, Trieste, Italy
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Mari Sandell
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str., Freising, Germany
| | | | - Lina Öztürk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- CSGA-Centre for Taste and Feeding Behavior, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, Dijon, France
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Özlem Saatci
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Science University, Emek, Sancaktepe-İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Sidra Medicine, Out Patient Clinic, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jérôme Golebiowski
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Maria Dolors Guàrdia
- IRTA-Food Technology Programme, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Ritchie
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jan Havlícek
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná, Nové Město, Czechia
| | - Denis Pierron
- Équipe de Médecine Evolutive, UMR5288 CNRS/Université Toulouse III, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marta Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alissa A Nolden
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Juyun Lim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Camille Ferdenzi
- Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Evelyn V Brindha
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Biruni University, Protokol Yolu, Topkapı, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alberto Macchi
- Italian Academy of Rhinology Asst Settelaghi-University of Insubriae, via Guicciardini, Varese, Italy
| | - Alexia Nunez-Parra
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zara M Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Carl M Philpott
- The Norfolk Smell and Taste Clinic, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Barry C Smith
- Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carla Mucignat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo, Padova, Italy
| | - Jane K Parker
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Mirjam van den Brink
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Nassaustraat, BV Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Schmuker
- Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, N.W., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vonnie D C Shields
- Biological Sciences Department, Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD USA
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego Health, MC La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Proteored-ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - William E A Fredborg
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Morini
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II 9, Bra, Pollenzo, CN, Italy
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Sattarkhan Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Noam Karni
- Internal Medicine Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna D'Errico
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Strasse, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert Pellegrino
- Food Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Pablo Meyer
- Health Care and Life Sciences, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Huart
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Graciela M Soler
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), Calle Paraguay, Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), Argentina
| | - Mohammed K Alwashahi
- Surgery Department, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al Khoud, Muscat, Oman
| | - Antje Welge-Lüssen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasper H B de Groot
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hadar Klein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Preet Bano Singh
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julien W Hsieh
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, ENT Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr., Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, , Rm LG-101D, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA
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Parma V, Ohla K, Veldhuizen MG, Niv MY, Kelly CE, Bakke AJ, Cooper KW, Bouysset C, Pirastu N, Dibattista M, Kaur R, Liuzza MT, Pepino MY, Schöpf V, Pereda-Loth V, Olsson SB, Gerkin RC, Rohlfs Domínguez P, Albayay J, Farruggia MC, Bhutani S, Fjaeldstad AW, Kumar R, Menini A, Bensafi M, Sandell M, Konstantinidis I, Di Pizio A, Genovese F, Öztürk L, Thomas-Danguin T, Frasnelli J, Boesveldt S, Saatci Ö, Saraiva LR, Lin C, Golebiowski J, Hwang LD, Ozdener MH, Guàrdia MD, Laudamiel C, Ritchie M, Havlícek J, Pierron D, Roura E, Navarro M, Nolden AA, Lim J, Whitcroft KL, Colquitt LR, Ferdenzi C, Brindha EV, Altundag A, Macchi A, Nunez-Parra A, Patel ZM, Fiorucci S, Philpott CM, Smith BC, Lundström JN, Mucignat C, Parker JK, van den Brink M, Schmuker M, Fischmeister FPS, Heinbockel T, Shields VDC, Faraji F, Santamaría E, Fredborg WEA, Morini G, Olofsson JK, Jalessi M, Karni N, D'Errico A, Alizadeh R, Pellegrino R, Meyer P, Huart C, Chen B, Soler GM, Alwashahi MK, Welge-Lüssen A, Freiherr J, de Groot JHB, Klein H, Okamoto M, Singh PB, Hsieh JW, Reed DR, Hummel T, Munger SD, Hayes JE. More Than Smell-COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis. Chem Senses 2020; 45:609-622. [PMID: 32564071 PMCID: PMC7337664 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation and initial results of a multi-lingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in three distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, 8 other, ages 19-79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (-79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± SD), taste (-69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (-37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell, but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parma
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria G Veldhuizen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alyssa J Bakke
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Keiland W Cooper
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California and Qureshey Research Laboratory, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cédric Bouysset
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro, P.zza G. Cesare, Bari, Italy
| | - Rishemjit Kaur
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Loc. Germaneto), Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Y Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronica Pereda-Loth
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthese, UMR 5288 CNRS, Universitéde Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Shannon B Olsson
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - Richard C Gerkin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez
- Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Albayay
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael C Farruggia
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander W Fjaeldstad
- Flavour Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Central Denmark Region, Laegaardvej, Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Anna Menini
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies, SISSA, Via Bonomea, Trieste, Italy
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Mari Sandell
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str., Freising, Germany
| | | | - Lina Öztürk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Çiftlikköy Campus, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- CSGA-Centre for Taste and Feeding Behavior, INRAE, CNRS, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, Dijon, France
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Özlem Saatci
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Science University, Emek, Sancaktepe-İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Sidra Medicine, Out Patient Clinic, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jérôme Golebiowski
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Maria Dolors Guàrdia
- IRTA-Food Technology Programme, IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Ritchie
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jan Havlícek
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná, Nové Město, Czechia
| | - Denis Pierron
- Équipe de Médecine Evolutive, UMR5288 CNRS/Université Toulouse III, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, 3 Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marta Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alissa A Nolden
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Juyun Lim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Camille Ferdenzi
- Neuropop Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR5292-INSERM U1028-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 95 bd Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Evelyn V Brindha
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Biruni University, Protokol Yolu, Topkapı, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alberto Macchi
- Italian Academy of Rhinology Asst Settelaghi-University of Insubriae, via Guicciardini, Varese, Italy
| | - Alexia Nunez-Parra
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zara M Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, Avenue Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Carl M Philpott
- The Norfolk Smell and Taste Clinic, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Barry C Smith
- Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carla Mucignat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Marzolo, Padova, Italy
| | - Jane K Parker
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Mirjam van den Brink
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Nassaustraat, BV Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Schmuker
- Biocomputation Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, N.W., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vonnie D C Shields
- Biological Sciences Department, Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD USA
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego Health, MC La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Proteored-ISCIII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - William E A Fredborg
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Morini
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II 9, Bra, Pollenzo, CN, Italy
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Sattarkhan Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Noam Karni
- Internal Medicine Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna D'Errico
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue Strasse, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert Pellegrino
- Food Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Pablo Meyer
- Health Care and Life Sciences, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Huart
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Graciela M Soler
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto), Calle Paraguay, Piso 3. CABA (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), Argentina
| | - Mohammed K Alwashahi
- Surgery Department, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al Khoud, Muscat, Oman
| | - Antje Welge-Lüssen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasper H B de Groot
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hadar Klein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Preet Bano Singh
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julien W Hsieh
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, ENT Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Helmholtzstr., Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, , Rm LG-101D, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA, USA
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