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Mabogoane M, Augustyn W, Tembu VJ, Regnier T, du Plooy W. Investigation into the role of phenolic compounds in the protection of citrus against Phyllosticta citricarpa. Metabolomics 2024; 20:27. [PMID: 38407628 PMCID: PMC10896909 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of chemical fungicides to combat disease has made a substantial contribution to food quality and security. Nonetheless, their applications have been limited due to environmental and health concerns, unaffordability, and the fact that pathogens have acquired resistance to some of these fungicides. Alternative eco-friendly and safe control methods should be explored. The current study investigated the influence of citrus rind phenolic compounds against Phyllosticta citricarpa infection by metabolic profiling of two citrus cultivars with varying degrees of susceptibility to infection. METHODS Chromatographic data obtained by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC) was subjected to multivariate data analysis to identify biomarkers associated with the tolerant cultivar. The identified biomarkers were tested in vitro against P. citricarpa. RESULTS Seville oranges, a tolerant cultivar, displayed higher levels of phenolic content and lower total sugar content, that are both associated with lower susceptibility to citrus black spot infection. The generated Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) models gave an overview of the data set and identified components that may be responsible for the differences in susceptibility between the two cultivars. Candidate biomarkers associated with tolerance were identified as naringin, neoeriocitrin, bruteiridin, melitidin, and lucenin-2. CONCLUSION Naringin, a major candidate biomarker was able to inhibit the growth of the pathogen at 10 000 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melida Mabogoane
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Wilma Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Vuyelwa J Tembu
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Thierry Regnier
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Wilma du Plooy
- Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
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Schripsema J, Augustyn W, Viljoen A. Characterisation of Sclerocarya birrea (marula) seed oil and investigation of the geographical origin by applying similarity calculations, differential NMR and hierarchical cluster analysis. Phytochem Anal 2023; 34:959-969. [PMID: 37515510 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The marula fruit is an important indigenous African fruit since various commercial products are produced from the pulp and the seed oil. The increased demand requires methods for authentication, quality control and determination of geographical origin. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to establish a fast and reliable method for characterisation and authentication of marula seed oil. Furthermore, to identify marker compounds that can distinguish marula seed oils from other commercial oils and indicate regional differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metabolic profiling of 44 commercial marula seed oils was performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR). For rapid classification similarity calculations were compared with principal component analysis. Differential NMR was used to determine marker compounds. RESULTS Marula seed oil was found to be similar to macadamia and olive oils and was distinguished from these oils by the detection of minor components. Marula seed oil is differentiated from the other two oils by the absence of α-linolenic acid, relatively high levels of monoglycerides and diglycerides, and an approximately 1:1 ratio of 1,2- and 1,3-diglycerides. When comparing marula seed oils from various regions using hierarchical cluster analysis, clustering of the marula seed oils from Namibia and Zimbabwe was observed and was related to the quantities of linoleic acid and monoglycerides and diglycerides. Some samples displayed deviations in their composition which might indicate adulteration or contamination during the production process. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates the potential of NMR as a tool in the quality control of marula seed oil. This technique requires very little sample preparation, circumvents derivatisation of the oil components with fast run-times. In addition, samples with chemical profiles that differ from the general signature profile can easily be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schripsema
- Grupo Metabolômica, Laboratório de Ciências Quimicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Wilma Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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Molelekoa TBJ, Augustyn W, Regnier T, da Silva LS. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TOXICITY EVALUATION OF FUNGAL PIGMENTS FOR POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN FOOD, PHAMARCEUTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103630. [PMID: 37113475 PMCID: PMC10127131 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns associated with the use of synthetic colourants backs the demand for natural colourants. Thus, the current study aimed at characterizing crude fungal pigments produced by Penicillium multicolour, P. canescens, Talaromyces verruculosus, Fusarium solani and P. herquie. This included their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties together with acute toxicity evaluation on zebrafish embryos. The identification of pigment compounds was achieved through MS and IR data. The study demonstrated a substantial radical scavenging activity of extracts ranging from 65.49 to 74.46%, close to that of ascorbic acid (89.21%). Penicillium canescens and F. solani exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus aerogenes and Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus at MIC values ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 mg/mL. However, some levels of toxicity were observed for all extracts at a concentration range of 3-5 mg/mL. Pigment by P. multicolour, T. verruculosus and F. solani were tentatively identified through IR and MS data as sclerotiorin (yellow), rubropunctamine (red) and bostrycoidin (red). In conclusion, the study demonstrates a market potential of filamentous fungi pigments due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and prominent colours. Although there are some toxicity concerns, further tests must be done using molecular docking, albino mice and cell linings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumisi Beiri Jeremiah Molelekoa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wilma Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thierry Regnier
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Laura Suzanne da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Phala K, Mapossa AB, Augustyn W, Combrinck S, Botha B. Development of EVA and LLDPE polymer-based carvone and spearmint essential oil release systems for citrus postharvest diseases applications. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Ngoubeyou PSK, Wolkersdorfer C, Ndibewu PP, Augustyn W. Toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls in aquatic environments - A review. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 251:106284. [PMID: 36087490 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their congeners resulting from the pollution of all environmental media is inherently related to its persistence and ubiquitous nature. In principle, determination of this class of contaminants are limited to the determination of their concentrations in the various environmental matrices. For solving many problems in this context, knowledge of the emission sources of PCBs, transport pathways, and sites of contamination and biomagnification is of great benefit to scientists and researchers, as well as many regulatory organizations. By far the largest amounts of PCBs, regardless of their discharged points, end up in the soil, sediment and finally in different aquatic environments. By reviewing relevant published materials, the source of origin of PCBs in the environment particularly from different pollution point sources, it is possible to obtain useful information on the nature of different materials that are sources of PCBs, or their concentrations and their toxicity or health effects and how they can be removed from contaminated media. This review focuses on the sources of PCBs in aquatic environments and critically reviews the toxicity of PCBs in aquatic animals and plants. The review also assesses the toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) of PCBs providing valuable knowledge to other scientists and researchers that enables regulatory laws to be formulated based on selective determination of concentrations regarding their maximum permissible limits (MPLs) allowed. This review also supplies a pool of valuable information useful for designing decontamination technologies for PCBs in media like soil, sediment, and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Wolkersdorfer
- Tshwane University of Technology, SARChI Chair for Mine Water Treatment, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Peter Papoh Ndibewu
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Wilma Augustyn
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Seopela MP, McCrindle RI, Combrinck S, Augustyn W. Occurrence, distribution, spatio-temporal variability and source identification of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment from Loskop dam, South Africa. Water Res 2020; 186:116350. [PMID: 32882453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the spatial and temporal variations in the levels of C8-C40 n-alkanes and 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment from Loskop Dam (Mpumalanga Province South Africa), were investigated between 2015 and 2017. In addition, their sources, which have not been well defined, were also studied over the period. This water body is sourced from a historically contaminated water body, the Olifants River, which flows through areas where a range of industrial and agricultural activities take place. Mass crocodile and fish mortalities have been recorded in this aquatic system, and contamination by organic pollutants were highlighted as a contributing factor. The total average n-alkane concentrations in water and sediments ranged from 0.574±00811 to 18.8±1.39 µg/L and 4760±243 to 30700±906 µg/kg, respectively. Similarly, PAHs were detected at total average concentrations of between 0.150±00494 and 49.8±6.86 µg/L in water and 61.6±5.95 to 2618±300 µg/kg. n-Alkane and PAH diagnostic ratios indicated a mixture of sources of these compounds, attributed to terrestrial, submerged and floating plant material, as well as petrogenic and pyrogenic combustion. Inlet, middle and upper segment site clustering was observed with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), mainly driven by the prevalence of PAHs at the inlet sites and n-alkanes in the upper reaches. By using indicator compounds, the sources of contamination could be predicted. The strategy described here can be applied to any water body for continuous long-term monitoring of pollutant levels and to identify sources attributing to water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathapelo Pearl Seopela
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Robert Ian McCrindle
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Wilma Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Augustyn W, Dziegielewska M, Kossuth A, Librant Z. Studies of the reaction of crystalline calcium carbonate with aqueous solutions of NH4F, KF and NaF. J Fluor Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)82845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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