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Phong WN, Sung B, Cao Z, Gibberd MR, Dykes GA, Payne AD, Coorey R. Impact of different processing techniques on the key volatile profile, sensory, and consumer acceptance of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittadini). J Food Sci 2022; 87:4174-4187. [PMID: 35975798 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fresh truffles which include black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittadini) deteriorate and lose aroma rapidly after harvest; therefore, postharvest processing via freeze-drying or encapsulation is an option to preserve truffle aroma for extended supply. However, the aroma profile that directly affects the truffle quality and consumer acceptance is influenced by processing and producers require processing options that balance processing feasibility with retention of a suitable aroma profile. This study aimed to determine the impact of freeze-drying and encapsulation on the profile of key volatiles, consumer discrimination, and overall sensory impression (aroma intensity, liking, and acceptability) of processed truffle products compared to the starting material (positive control). The study combined experimental-scale processing with GC-MS analysis and consumer sensory evaluation to compare and optimize postharvest processing options. Based on the results, some volatile changes were detected in the processed truffle products compared to the positive control which were aligned with the consumer discrimination (triangle test) and the aroma intensity score (consumer sensory test). Despite some chemical and sensory differences detected, the consumer panel did not have any preference for processed truffle products compared to the positive control. The overall finding indicates the potential value of processing truffles into a natural flavoring ingredient for food application via freeze-drying or encapsulation, which should be of great interest for the truffle and food industry. According to the correlation analysis, the consumer acceptance of a truffle product may be increased by retaining 1-octen-3-ol and methional, while reducing the amount of p-cresol in the product. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The postharvest process of turning truffles into a food flavoring ingredient may cause undesirable volatile changes that would directly impact the aroma quality and consumer acceptance of the processed truffle products. Hence, the impacts of freeze-drying and encapsulation on the chemical and sensory profile of truffles were evaluated in this study. Overall, the results of the concurrent instrument and sensory analysis demonstrated that both freeze-drying and encapsulation are potential options for processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Nee Phong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Billy Sung
- School of Management and Marketing, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zhanglong Cao
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Gibberd
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Phong WN, Al-Salami H, Gibberd MR, Dykes GA, Payne AD, Coorey R. Comparative evaluation of encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin versus freeze-drying for better retention and stabilizing of black Périgord truffle (Tuber melanosporum) aroma. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3482-3495. [PMID: 35788997 PMCID: PMC9541271 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel technique to retain and stabilize compounds contributing to truffle aroma by encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the key volatile profile and microbial population of products resulting from three different encapsulation methods, namely direct mixing method (M1), direct mixing followed by ethanol addition method (M2), and paste method (M3), were compared with untreated truffles (positive control) over a 90-day period. The M2-derived product was the least optimal for retaining key volatile compounds despite showing the lowest microbial population. There was no significant difference in the volatile profile of products derived from M1 and M3 on day 0. However, it was observed that the M3-derived product could retain its volatile profile better than the M1-derived product by day 90. M3 was compared with freeze-drying in the second experiment. Freeze-dried truffles showed an overall higher relative percentage of volatiles than the M3-derived product on day 0. However, by day 90, some volatile changes occurred in the freeze-dried truffles but not in the M3-derived product. The findings indicate that while freeze-drying could adequately conserve truffle volatiles, the encapsulation of volatile compounds in β-cyclodextrin could improve the volatile stability of truffle products and allow for longer storage times. Microbes were found in all encapsulated truffle products and freeze-dried truffles on days 0 and 90, suggesting the need to explore the possibility of incorporating a decontamination step in the process prior to either encapsulation or freeze-drying. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A technique to capture and stabilize compounds responsible for truffle aroma by encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin was developed and compared with freeze-drying in this study. The overall finding suggests that while freeze-drying of truffle could sufficiently preserve volatiles, encapsulating truffle volatiles with β-cyclodextrin may improve its stability, extending its shelf life, which can be applied in the development of a natural truffle ingredient that can be applied in food product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Nee Phong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Mark R Gibberd
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Phong WN, Gibberd MR, Payne AD, Dykes GA, Coorey R. Back Cover: Cover Image, Volume 21, Issue 2. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Phong WN, Gibberd MR, Payne AD, Dykes GA, Coorey R. Methods used for extraction of plant volatiles have potential to preserve truffle aroma: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1677-1701. [PMID: 35179824 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Truffles are considered one of the world's most highly prized foods mainly due to their desirable organoleptic properties and rarity. However, truffles are seasonal (harvested mostly in winter from June to August in the Southern Hemisphere and from December to February in the Northern Hemisphere) and extremely perishable. Truffles deteriorate rapidly showing undesirable changes within 10 days from harvest in aroma and visual appearance after harvest. The very short postharvest shelf life (about 7-10 days) limits the potential for export and domestic consumption all year round. Several preservation methods have been studied to prolong their shelf life without the loss of aroma. However, all traditional preservation techniques have their own shortcomings and remain challenging. The extraction of natural truffle aroma volatiles for food applications could be a potential alternative to replace the existing synthetic flavoring used for processed truffle products. Four commonly used extraction methods for recovering volatile compounds from plants, namely, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, Soxhlet extraction, distillation, and cold pressing, are critically analyzed. Up to date, existing research about the extraction of aroma volatiles from truffles is limited in the literature but based on the volatility of the key truffle volatile compounds, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction may offer the best possibility so that a natural truffle-based product that can be used in food applications throughout the year can be made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Nee Phong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Gibberd
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Phong WN, Show PL, Chow YH, Ling TC. Recovery of biotechnological products using aqueous two phase systems. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:273-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Phong WN, Show PL, Le CF, Tao Y, Chang JS, Ling TC. Improving cell disruption efficiency to facilitate protein release from microalgae using chemical and mechanical integrated method. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Phong WN, Show PL, Teh WH, Teh TX, Lim HMY, Nazri NSB, Tan CH, Chang JS, Ling TC. Proteins recovery from wet microalgae using liquid biphasic flotation (LBF). Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:1329-1336. [PMID: 28602664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the extraction of microalgal protein from wet Chlorella sorokiniana species using alcohol/salt liquid biphasic flotation (LBF) with the aid of ultrasonication for cell rupturing was proposed. The effect of varying crude feedstock concentration, flotation time, salt type, salt concentration, alcohol type, alcohol concentration, initial volumes of salt and alcohol were investigated. After the optimization process, the highest proportion of protein recovered in the top phase was achieved with 250g/L ammonium sulphate, 60% (v/v) 2-propanol, 1.0VR,initial, 20g/L crude biomass load, 4mm3/min air flowrate and 10min of flotation time. The recycling of phase components was introduced to minimize the use of alcohol and salt in the corresponding LBF. It was demonstrated that top phase (alcohol) recycling can achieve increasing performance for three consecutive recycling runs. Under optimized process conditions, the proportion of protein recovered in the top phase was 88.86% for the third recycle run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Nee Phong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Division, Faculty of Engineering, Centre for Food and Bioproduct Processing, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Wei Heng Teh
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tiong Xin Teh
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hilary Mae Yan Lim
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Shafira Binti Nazri
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chung Hong Tan
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Phong WN, Le CF, Show PL, Chang JS, Ling TC. Extractive disruption process integration using ultrasonication and an aqueous two-phase system for protein recovery from Chlorella sorokiniana. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:357-369. [PMID: 32624781 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae emerge as the most promising protein sources for aquaculture industry. However, the commercial proteins production at low cost remains a challenge. The process of harnessing microalgal proteins involves several steps such as cell disruption, isolation and extraction. The discrete processes are generally complicated, time-consuming and costly. To date, the notion of integrating microalgal cell disruption and proteins recovery process into one step is yet to explore. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of applying methanol/potassium ATPS in the integrated process for proteins recovery from Chlorella sorokiniana. Parameters such as salt types, salt concentrations, methanol concentrations, NaCl addition were optimized. The possibility of upscaling and the effectiveness of recycling the phase components were also studied. The results showed that ATPS formed by 30% (w/w) K3PO4 and 20% (w/w) methanol with 3% (w/w) NaCl addition was optimum for proteins recovery. In this system, the partition coefficient and yield were 7.28 and 84.23%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the partition coefficient and yield when the integrated process was upscaled to 100-fold. The recovered phase components can still be recycled effectively at fifth cycle. In conclusions, this method is simple, rapid, environmental friendly and could be implemented at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Nee Phong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Cheng Foh Le
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Semenyih Malaysia.,Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Group, Molecular Pharming and Bioproduction Research Group University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Semenyih Malaysia
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan.,Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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