[A case-control study on risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in humans in Tibetan areas]

OBJECTIVE

To understand the risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in Tibetan population, so as to provide the reference for development of prevention and control strategies.

METHODS

Four cystic echinococcosis highly-prevalent townships were selected from Naqu County of Tibet and Shiqu County of Sichuan Province, which had similar environmental and altitude conditions, from August to September, 2017. Applying the 1∶1 case-control study, a household survey was conducted to investigate the risk factors of echinococcosis in humans.

RESULTS

A total of 378 residents were investigated, of which the numbers of cases and non-cases were both 189. The univariate analysis showed that the years of keeping dogs (OR = 1.032, P < 0.05), the number of keeping dogs (OR = 1.260, P < 0.05), the way of raising dogs (OR = 1.434, P < 0.05), feeding with raw viscera (OR = 1.531, P < 0.05), and there being stray dogs around (OR = 1.946, P < 0.05) were the risk factors of echinococcosis. As a result of the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only three risk factors, feeding with raw viscera, there being stray dogs around, and drinking water resource, were included in the regression model.

CONCLUSIONS

Feeding with raw viscera, there being stray dogs around, and drinking water resource are the risk factors of echinococcosis in humans.

[Evaluation on application of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease Ⅰ Current status at the provincial level]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the application status of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease, in which questions existed are summarized in order to promote the system update.

METHODS

A questionnaire was designed and distributed to Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps to evaluate the application status of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease assistant with telephone.

RESULTS

The recovery rate of questionnaires was 87.5%. The statistics of closed questions showed that national application rate of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease was 100%, of which 15.3% were low frequency users, 57.1% believed the system was necessary, 28.6% considered it was dispensable, and 14.3% believed that it was totally unnecessary. The statistics of open-ended questions indicated that 6 endemic regions suggested to increase the guidance and training, while 4 endemic regions had opinions on sharing the information of the national infectious disease reporting systems and hydatid disease prevention and control information system, and the opinions on turning monthly report to quarterly report, and increasing statistics and analysis module, and 3 endemic regions deemed that the system had logic errors and defects.

CONCLUSIONS

The problems of the system are mainly focused on the existence of systemic deficiencies and logic errors, lacking of statistical parameters and corresponding analysis function module, and lacking of the guidance and training, which limits the use of the system. Therefore, these problems should be resolved.

[Epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis death cases in China from 2008 to 2016]

OBJECTIVE

To understand the epidemiological characteristics of death cases of echinococcosis in China from 2008 to 2016, so as to provide an important reference for the prevention and control of echinococcosis.

METHODS

The death information registration and management system data were selected to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the death cases of echinococcosis. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 and the map was drawn by ArcGIS 10.1 software.

RESULTS

From 2008 to 2016, a total of 367 death cases of echinococcosis were reported in China, and the number of deaths in turn was 33, 30, 21, 32, 35, 54, 55, and 81 in each year, with an annual average crude mortality of 129.29 /10⁵. The average age of death was (56 ± 18) years; the sex ratio of male to female was 100∶94. There was no statistical difference between the male and female death cases (χ² = 0.33, P > 0.05).The death cases of echinococcosis were mainly distributed in endemic areas of Qinghai, Sichuan, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan and non-endemic areas of Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Henan and Shandong. The death cases in the first eleven provinces accounted for 87.5% (321/367) of the total death cases, among which the highest proportions of the nationality, occupation, educational level, highest diagnostic units, and the place of death were Han (52.0%, 191/367), farmer (46.6%, 171/367), junior high school or below (57.2%, 210/367), provincial or three-level hospitals (46.6%, 171/367), and at home (59.9%, 220/367).

CONCLUSIONS

Since 2014, the death cases of echinococcosis in China have been increasing year by year, indicating that the prevention and treatment of echinococcosis is still very serious. The causes for the rise of the fatality rate remain to be further studied.

Syntheses, Structures and Magnetic Properties of two New Supramolecular Complexes

Two new complexes, namely [Cu(L1)(NO3)(bipy)] (1) and [Cu2(L2)4(H2O)2] (2) (HL1= 2-ethoxynicotinic acid, HL2= 2-methoxynicotinic acid and bipy=4,4′-bipyridine) have been synthesised and structurally characterised by single-crystal diffraction analysis. The structure of complex 1 is a ladder-like chain, which is connected by stronger hydroge n bond interactions to result in a 2D network. While complex 2 is composed of molecular dimmer based on a paddle-wheel unit with two coppers, four syn–syn carboxylates, and two water molecules coordinated to copper in the axial positions which could also be linked into a 2D supramolecular architecture via hydrogen bond interactions. Magnetic studies reveal the overall antiferromagnetic interactions between neighbouring Cu(II) ions in compounds 1 and 2.

Three Lanthanide Coordination Polymers Directed by a Rigid Dicarboxylate Ligand: Syntheses, Structure and Luminescent Properties

The complexes [Ln(L)3(H2O)2]n (Ln=Nd, Sm or Eu; HL= 2-ethoxynicotinic acid) have been synthesised. Structural determinations reveal the complexes to have similar one-dimensional linear chain motifs, which can be further linked into two-dimensional layers via hydrogen bonding interactions. Their three-dimensional luminescence has also been studied.

Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)cadmium 3,3'-dicarb-oxy-4,4'-diazenedi-yl-dibenzoate-4,4'-diazenediyldiphthalic acid-methanol (1/0.5/1)

In the title compoud, [Cd(C₁₂H₈N₂)₃](C₁₆H₈N₂O₈)·0.5C₁₆H₁₀N₂O₈·CH₃OH, the Cd^II atom has a distorted octa­hedral coordination formed by six N atoms from three separate phenanthroline ligands. One of the 4,4′-diazenediyldiphthalic acid mol­ecules is arranged around an inversion center and possesses two –COOH groups, while the other is partially deprotonated and is a dianion for charge balance. It can be noted that, in the undeprotonated acid, the –COOH groups are disordered over two positions by rotation around the C—C bond linking the –COOH group to the phenyl ring. Surprisingly, the H atom is not involved in the disorder. In the dianion, the remaining H atom is located between the two COO groups. These deprotonated and undeprotonated mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain developing parallel to the [111] direction. The methanol solvent molecule is highly disordered; it was not considered in the final model by elimination of its contribution from the intensity data.

A Mn(II) Coordination Polymer Bearing Rigid Tetracarboxylate and Chelating N-Donor Co-Ligands

The metal–organic framework, [Mn2(H4DDA)(phen)2(H2O)5]·4.55H2O (H4DDA = 4,4'-diazenediyldiphthalic acid and phen=1,10-phenanthroline), has been synthesised and characterised by IR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex has a 2D layer structure, which extends into a 3D supramolecular framework via hydrogen bonds.