The microbiota of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 and their infants

BACKGROUND

Infants receive their first bacteria from their birthing parent. This newly acquired microbiome plays a pivotal role in developing a robust immune system, the cornerstone of long-term health.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that the gut, vaginal, and oral microbial diversity of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection is reduced, and women with early infections exhibit a different vaginal microbiota composition at the time of delivery compared to their healthy control counterparts. Accordingly, a low relative abundance of two Streptococcus sequence variants (SV) was predictive of infants born to pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy, particularly early infections, are associated with lasting changes in the microbiome of pregnant women, compromising the initial microbial seed of their infant. Our results highlight the importance of further exploring the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the infant's microbiome-dependent immune programming. Video Abstract.

Redox Potential Correlates with Changes in Metabolite Concentrations Attributable to Pathways Active in Oxidative Stress Response in Swine Traumatic Shock

INTRODUCTION

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, and the redox potential (RP) that must be maintained for proper cell function, lie at the heart of physiologic processes in critical illness. Imbalance in RP reflects systemic oxidative stress, and whole blood RP measures have been shown to correlate with oxygen debt level over time in swine traumatic shock. We hypothesize that RP measures reflect changing concentrations of metabolites involved in oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, we compared blood and urine RP with concentrations of multiple metabolites in a swine traumatic shock model to identify meaningful RP-metabolite relationships.

METHODS

Seven swine were subjected to traumatic shock. Mixed venous (MV) RP, urine RP, and concurrent MV and urine metabolite concentrations were assessed at baseline, max O 2 Debt (80 mL/kg), end resuscitation, and 2 h post-resuscitation. RP was measured at collection via open circuit potential using nanoporous gold electrodes with Ag/AgCl reference and a ParstatMC potentiostat. Metabolite concentrations were measured by quantitative 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. MV and urine RP were compared with time-matched metabolites across all swine. LASSO regression with leave-one-out cross validation was used to determine meaningful RP/metabolite relationships. Metabolites had to maintain magnitude and direction of coefficients across 6 or more swine to be considered as having a meaningful relationship. KEGG IDs of these metabolites were uploaded into Metscape for pathway identification and evaluation for physiologic function.

RESULTS

Meaningful metabolite relationships (and mean coefficients across cross-validation folds) with MV RP included: choline (-6.27), ATP (-4.39), glycine (5.93), ADP (1.84), glucose (15.96), formate (-13.09), pyruvate (6.18), and taurine (-7.18). Relationships with urine RP were: betaine (4.81), urea (4.14), glycine (-2.97), taurine (10.32), 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (-7.67), N-phenylacetylglycine, PAG (-14.52), hippurate (12.89), and formate (-5.89). These meaningful metabolites were found to scavenge extracellular peroxide (pyruvate), inhibit ROS and activate cellular antioxidant defense (taurine), act as indicators of antioxidant mobilization against oxidative stress (glycine + PAG), and reflect renal hydroxyl radical trapping (hippurate), among other activities.

CONCLUSIONS

Real-time RP measures demonstrate significant relationships with metabolites attributable to metabolic pathways involved in systemic responses to oxidative stress, as well as those involved in these processes. These data support RP measures as a feasible, biologically relevant marker of oxidative stress. As a direct measure of redox state, RP may be a useful biomarker and clinical tool in guiding diagnosis and therapy in states of increased oxidative stress and may offer value as a marker for organ injury in these states as well.