Effect of junctional reflux on the venous clinical severity score in patients with insufficiency of the great saphenous vein (JURY study)

OBJECTIVE

Effective treatment options are available for chronic venous insufficiency associated with superficial venous reflux. Although many patients with C2 and C3 disease based on the CEAP (Clinical-Etiological-Anatomical-Pathophysiological) classification have combined great saphenous vein (GSV) and saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) reflux, some may not have concomitant SFJ reflux. Several payors have determined that symptom severity in patients without SFJ reflux does not warrant treatment. In patients planned for venous ablation, we tested whether Venous Clinical Severity Scores (VCSS) are equivalent in those with GSV reflux alone compared with those with both GSV and SFJ reflux.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted at 10 centers. Inclusion criteria were: candidate for endovenous ablation as determined by treating physician; 18 to 80 years of age; GSV reflux with or without SFJ reflux on ultrasound; and C2 or C3 disease. Exclusion criteria were prior deep vein thrombosis; prior vein ablation on the index limb; ilio-caval obstruction; and renal, hepatic, or heart failure requiring prior hospitalization. An a priori sample size was calculated. We used multiple linear regression (adjusted for patient characteristics) to compare differences in VCSS scores of the two groups at baseline, and to test whether scores were equivalent using a priori equivalence boundaries of +1 and -1. In secondary analyses, we tested differences in VCSS scores in patients with C2 and C3 disease separately.

RESULTS

A total of 352 patients were enrolled; 64.2% (n = 226) had SFJ reflux, and 35.8% (n = 126) did not. The two groups did not differ by major clinical characteristics. The mean age of the cohort was 53.9 ± 14.3 years; women comprised 74.2%; White patients 85.8%; and body mass index was 27.8 ± 6.1 kg/m2. The VCSS scores in patients with and without SFJ reflux were found to be equivalent; SFJ reflux was not a significant predictor of VCSS score; and mean VCSS scores did not differ significantly (6.4 vs 6.6, respectively, P = .40). In secondary subset analyses, VCSS scores were equivalent between C2 patients with and without SFJ reflux, and VCSS scores of C3 patients with SFJ reflux were lower than those without SFJ reflux.

CONCLUSIONS

Symptom severity is equivalent in patients with GSV reflux with or without SFJ reflux. The absence of SFJ reflux alone should not determine the treatment paradigm in patients with symptomatic chronic venous insufficiency. Patients with GSV reflux who meet clinical criteria for treatment should have equivalent treatment regardless of whether or not they have SFJ reflux.

Implementation of a novel peer review academy by Surgery and the Association of Women Surgeons

BACKGROUND

A novel Peer Review Academy was developed as a collaborative effort between the Association of Women Surgeons and the journal Surgery to provide formal training in peer review. We aimed to describe the outcomes of this initiative using a mixed methods approach.

METHODS

We developed a year-long curriculum with monthly online didactic sessions. Women surgical trainee mentees were paired 1:1 with rotating women surgical faculty mentors for 3 formal peer review opportunities. We analyzed pre-course and post-course surveys to evaluate mentee perceptions of the academy and assessed changes in mentee review quality over time with blinded scoring of unedited reviews. Semi-structured interviews were conducted upon course completion.

RESULTS

Ten women surgical faculty mentors and 10 women surgical trainees from across the United States and Canada successfully completed the Peer Review Academy. There were improvements in the mentees' confidence for all domains of peer review evaluated, including overall confidence in peer review, study novelty, study design, analytic approach, and review formatting (all, P ≤ .02). The mean score of peer review quality increased over time (59.2 ± 10.8 vs 76.5 ± 9.4; P = .02). In semi-structured interviews, important elements were emphasized across the Innovation, Implementation Process, and Individuals Domains, including the values of (1) a comprehensive approach to formal peer review education; (2) mentoring relationships between women faculty and resident surgeons; and (3) increasing diversity in the scientific peer review process.

CONCLUSION

Our novel Peer Review Academy was feasible on a national scale, resulting in significant qualitative and quantitative improvements in women surgical trainee skillsets, and has the potential to grow and diversify the existing peer review pool.

Hemodynamic instability in the immediate postoperative setting after transcarotid artery revascularization

OBJECTIVE

Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) is a relatively recent development in the management of carotid artery occlusive disease, the utilization of which is becoming more prevalent. This study aims to evaluate the timing, prevalence, and types of hemodynamic instability after TCAR.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of all TCAR procedures performed at two tertiary care academic medical centers within a single hospital system from 2017 through 2019. Demographics, comorbidities, preoperative patient factors, procedural details, and postoperative data were collected. Patients were assessed over 24 hours postoperatively for stroke, death, myocardial infarction (MI), and hemodynamic instability at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hour intervals. Hemodynamic instability was defined as any vital sign abnormality which required pharmacological intervention with antihypertensive, vasopressor, and/or anti-arrhythmic agents. The incidence and timing of postoperative complications and hemodynamic instability were recorded.

RESULTS

During the study period, 76 patients 80 TCAR procedures. Out of 80 procedures, 64 (80.0%) were receiving home antihypertensive medication and 28 (35.0%) were symptomatic lesions preoperatively. Intraoperatively, one patient (1.3%) received atropine, 26 (32.5%) received glycopyrrolate, 76 (95%) underwent predilatation, and 16 (20.0%) underwent postdilatation. Postoperatively, a total of 22 cases (27.5%) required medication for acute control of blood pressure or heart rate, which reached a peak of 19 patients (23.8%) within the first 3 hours, and tapered to nine patients (11.3%) by the 24 hour mark. A total of three patients (3.75%) required initiation of pharmacological management after the three-hour mark. Six patients (7.5%) underwent stroke code workup, 4 (5.0%) of whom were confirmed to have stroke on CT. Average time to neurologic event was 3.9 hours. No patients experienced MI or death. Median ICU and hospital days for unstable patients were two and three, respectively, compared to one and one for stable patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Hemodynamic instability is common after TCAR and reliably presents at or before postoperative hour 3. Hypo- followed by hyper-tension were the most common manifestations of hemodynamic instability. Regardless, unstable patients and stroke patients were more likely to require longer periods of time in the ICU and in the hospital overall. This may have implications for postoperative ICU resource management when deciding to transfer patients out of a monitored setting. Further study is required to establish relationships between pre- and intra-operative risk factors and outcomes such as hemodynamic instability and/or stroke. At present, one should proceed with careful evaluation of preoperative medications, strict management of postoperative hemodynamics, and clear communication among team members should all be employed to optimize outcomes.

Sex disparities in outcomes after carotid artery interventions: A systematic review

This systematic review aimed to identify sex-specific outcomes in men and women after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS), including transfemoral and transcarotid. A search of literature published from January 2000 through December 2022 was conducted using key terms attributed to carotid interventions on PubMed. Studies comparing outcome metrics post intervention (ie, myocardial infarction [MI], cerebral vascular accident [CVA] or stroke, and long-term mortality) among male and female patients were reviewed. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Overall, all studies reported low rates of perioperative complications. Among the studies that did not stratify outcomes by the preoperative symptom status, there were no significant sex differences in rates of perioperative strokes or MIs. Two studies, however, noted a higher rate of 30-day mortality in male patients undergoing CEA than in female patients. Analysis of asymptomatic patients undergoing CEA revealed no difference in perioperative MIs (female: 0% to 1.8% v male: 0.4% to 4.3%), similar rates of CVAs (female: 0.8% to 5% v male: 0.8% to 4.9%), and no significant differences in the long-term mortality outcomes. Alternatively, symptomatic patients undergoing CEA reported a higher rate of CVAs in female patients vs. male patients (7.7% v 6.2%) and showed a higher rate of death in female patients (1% v 0.7%). Among studies that did not stratify outcome by symptomatology, there was no difference in the 30-day outcomes between sexes for patients undergoing CAS. Asymptomatic patients undergoing CAS demonstrated similar incident rates across perioperative MIs (female: 0% to 5.9% v male: 0.28% to 3.3%), CVAs (female: 0.5% to 4.1% v male: 0.4% to 6.2%), and long-term mortality outcomes (female: 0% to 1.75% v male: 0.2% to 1.5%). Symptomatic patients undergoing CAS similarly reported higher incidences of perioperative MIs (female: 0.3% to 7.1% v male: 0% to 5.5%), CVAs (female: 0% to 9.9% v male: 0% to 7.6%), and long-term mortality outcomes (female: 0.6% to 7.1% v male: 0.5% to 8.2%). Sex-specific differences in outcomes after major vascular procedures are well recognized. Our review suggests that symptomatic female patients have a higher incidence of neurologic and cardiac events after carotid interventions, but that asymptomatic patients do not.

Sex disparities in hemodialysis access outcomes: A systematic review

The goal of this systematic review was to collate and summarize the current literature on hemodialysis access outcomes in females, identify differences between females and men, and provide a foundation for future research. A systematic review of the English-language literature was conducted by searching PubMed and Google Scholar for the following terms: "sex," "hemodialysis access," "arteriovenous fistula," "arteriovenous graft," and "dialysis catheter." Reference lists from the resulting articles were also evaluated to ensure that any and all relevant primary sources were identified. Studies were then screened by two independent reviewers for inclusion. Of 967 total studies, 53 ultimately met inclusion criteria. Females have lower maturation rates; have decreased rates of primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency; require more procedures per capita to achieve maturation and to maintain fistula patency; are more likely to receive dialysis via an arteriovenous graft or central venous catheter; and require a longer time and potentially more assistive invasive interventions to achieve a mature fistula. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for further research to evaluate and address the causes of these disparities. Discussion with patients undergoing hemodialysis should include these findings to improve patient education, expectations, satisfaction, and outcomes.

Sex Disparities in Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation Outcomes

BACKGROUND

The end-stage kidney disease life-plan aims to individualize hemodialysis (HD) access selection in patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Paucity of data on risk factors for poor arteriovenous fistula (AVF) outcomes limits the ability of physicians to guide their patients on this decision. This is especially true for female patients, who are known to have worse AVF outcomes when compared to male patients. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with poor AVF maturation outcomes in female patients that will help guide individualized access selection.

METHODS

A retrospective review of 1,077 patients that had AVF creation between 2014 and 2021 at an academic medical center was performed. Maturation outcomes were compared between 596 male and 481 female patients. Separate multivariate logistic regression models were created for the male and female cohorts to identify factors associated with unassisted maturation. AVF was considered mature if it was successfully used for HD for 4-week sessions without need for further interventions. Unassisted fistula was defined as an AVF that matured without any interventions.

RESULTS

The male patients were more likely to receive more distal HD access; 378 (63%) male versus 244 (51%) female patients had radiocephalic AVF, P < 0.001. Maturation outcomes were significantly worse in female patients; 387 (80%) AVFs matured in females and 519 (87%) in male patients, P < 0.001. Similarly, the rate of unassisted maturation was 26% (125) in female patients versus 39% (233) in male patients, P < 0.001. Mean preoperative vein diameters were similar in both groups; 2.8 ± 1.1 mm in male versus 2.7 ± 0.97 mm in female patients, P = 0.17. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the female patients revealed that Black race (odds ratio [OR]: 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4-0.9, P = 0.045), radiocephalic AVF (OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9, P = 0.045), and preoperative vein diameter <2.5 mm (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 10.33-0.901.1-1.7, P = 0.014) were independent predictors of poor unassisted maturation in this cohort. In male patients, preoperative vein diameter <2.5 mm (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.7, P < 0.001) and need for HD prior to AVF creation (OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9, P = 0.018) were independent predictors of poor unassisted maturation.

CONCLUSIONS

Black women with marginal forearm veins may have worse maturation outcomes, and upper arm HD access should be considered when advising patients on their end-stage kidney disease life-plan.

Early Follow-Up after Arteriovenous Fistula Creation is Associated with Improved Access-Related Outcomes

BACKGROUND

Up to 60% of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) require intervention to assist maturation, which prolongs the time until it can be used for hemodialysis (HD). Current guidelines recommend early postoperative AVF examination to detect and address immaturity to decrease time to maturation. This study evaluates how the timing of postoperative follow-up to assess AVF maturity affects patients' outcomes.

METHODS

All patients who underwent AVF creation between 2017 and 2021 in an academic medical center were retrospectively reviewed, excluding patients lost to follow-up or not on HD. Outcomes were compared between patients that had delayed follow-up to assess AVF maturity, >8 weeks post surgery, versus early follow-up, <8 weeks post-surgery. AVF evaluation for maturity consisted of physical examination and duplex ultrasound. Primary endpoints were time to first cannulation (interval from AVF creation to first successful cannulation) and time to catheter-free dialysis (interval from AVF creation to central venous catheter removal).

RESULTS

A total of 400 patients were identified: 111 in the delayed follow-up group and 289 in the early follow-up group. The median time to follow-up was 78 days (interquartile range [IQR], 66-125) in the delayed follow-up group versus 39 days (IQR, 36-47) in the early follow-up group, (P < 0.0001). The maturation rate was 87% in the delayed follow-up group versus 81% in the early follow-up group, (P = 0.1) and both groups had similar rates of interventions to assist maturation (66% vs. 57%, P = 0.2). The early follow-up group had a significantly shorter median time to first cannulation (50 vs. 88 days; P < 0.0001) and shorter time to catheter-free HD (75 vs. 118 days; P <0.0001). At 4 months after AVF creation, the incidence of first cannulation was 74% in the early follow-up group versus 63% in the delayed follow-up group (P = 0.001). Similarly, the incidence of catheter-free dialysis was 65% in the early follow-up group versus 50% in the delayed follow-up group at 4 months postoperatively, (P = 0.036).

CONCLUSIONS

Early postoperative follow-up for evaluation of fistula maturation is associated with reduced time to first successful cannulation of AVF for HD and reduced time to catheter-free dialysis.

Options for Dialysis and Vascular Access Creation

End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) affects nearly 800,000 patients in the United States. The choice of peritoneal dialysis (PD) versus hemodialysis (HD) should be patient centric. An ESKD Life-Plan is crucial with the goal of creating the right access, for the right patient, at the right time, for the right reason. Complex access should be considered when straightforward access options have been exhausted. Evolving techniques such as percutaneous access for HD and PD should be further investigated. Shared decision-making and palliative care is an essential part of the care of patients with CKD and ESKD..

Trans-radial access for balloon-assisted maturation of arteriovenous fistulas

Balloon-assisted maturation (BAM) of arteriovenous fistulas has conventionally been performed via direct fistula access. The transradial approach has not been well described for BAM, although its use has been reported throughout the cardiology literature. The purpose of the present study was to assess the outcomes of transradial access for its use with BAM. A retrospective review of 205 patients with transradial access for BAM was performed. One sheath was inserted into the radial artery distal to the anastomosis. We have described the procedural details, complications, and outcomes. The procedure was considered technically successful if transradial access had been established and the AVF had been ballooned with at least one balloon without major complications. The procedure was considered clinically successful if no further interventions had been required for AVF maturation. The average time for BAM via transradial access was 35 ± 20 minutes, with 31 ± 17 mL of contrast used. No access-related perioperative complications, including access site hematoma, symptomatic radial artery occlusion, or fistula thrombosis, had occurred. The technical success rate was 100%, and the rate of clinical success was 78%, with 45 patients requiring additional procedures to achieve maturation. Transradial access is an efficient alternative to trans-fistula access for BAM. It is technically easier and allows for better visualization of the anastomosis.

Predictors of poor outcomes after lower extremity revascularization for acute limb ischemia

OBJECTIVES

Acute lower extremity ischemia is one of the most common emergencies in vascular surgery and is a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to evaluate outcomes of revascularization for acute lower extremity ischemia and to determine factors associated with perioperative morbidity and mortality.

METHODS

A total of 354 patients underwent urgent revascularization for acute lower extremity ischemia at an academic medical center between 2014 and 2019. A retrospective review of patients' demographics, comorbidities, etiology and severity of limb ischemia, and procedural characteristics was recorded. Outcomes, including postoperative complications, perioperative limb loss, and mortality, were analyzed.

RESULTS

The mean patient age was 69 ± 17 years, and 52% were females. 50% of patients presented with Rutherford Class IIb ischemia. Arterial embolization was the most common cause of limb ischemia, seen in 33% of cases. Open surgical revascularization was performed in 241 (68%) patients, while endovascular and hybrid approaches were utilized in 53 (15%) and 60 (17%) cases, respectively. Postoperative adverse events occurred in 44% of patients, including wound complications (11%), cardiac (5%) and pulmonary (16%) complications, strokes (4%), UTIs (10%), renal failure (14%), bleeding (5%), and compartment syndrome (3%). The rate of unplanned return to the operating room was 21%. Major adverse cardiovascular events were seen in 103 (29%) patients and major adverse limb events were seen in 57 (16%) patients. The median length of stay was 10 days (IQR = 4); 49% patients were discharged to skilled nursing facility and 19% were readmitted within 30 days.The rate of amputation during index admission was 10%, and perioperative mortality was 20%. Gender, tibial runoff, and etiology of limb ischemia were independent predictors of limb loss. Women had lower risk of limb loss than men (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.023, 0.38). Poor tibial runoff (one-vessel or absence of flow below the knee) was a significant predictor of limb loss as compared to three-vessel runoff (OR, 14.92; 95% CI, 1.92, 115.88). Aneurysmal disease (OR, 38.35; 95% CI, 3.54, 42.45) and traumatic injuries (OR, 108.08; 95% CI, 8.21, 159.06) were the strongest predictors of amputation as compared to other etiologies of limb ischemia. Multivariate model identified ESRD (OR, 9.2; 95% CI, 1.8-46.3), degree of ischemia (class IIb or higher vs class IIa; OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2-10.6), and age (OR, 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.0 for every 10 years) as independent predictors of perioperative mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Urgent revascularization for management of acute limb ischemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Elderly patients with ESRD presenting with severely threatened limbs have especially high risk of perioperative mortality and may not be ideal candidates for limb salvage.

The art of peer review: Guidelines to become a credible and constructive peer reviewer

Peer review is a learned skill set that requires knowledge of study design, review construct, ethical considerations, and general expertise in a field of study. Participating in peer review is a rewarding and valuable experience in which all academic physicians are encouraged to partake. However, formal training opportunities in peer review are limited. In 2021, the Association of Women Surgeons and the journal Surgery collaborated to develop a Peer Review Academy. This academy is a 1-year longitudinal course that offers a select group of young women surgical trainees across all specialties a curriculum of monthly lectures and multiple formal mentored peer review opportunities to assist them in developing the foundation necessary to transition to independent peer review. The trainees and faculty mentors participating in the Association of Women Surgeons-Surgery Peer Review Academy compiled a summary of best peer review practices, which is intended to outline the elements of the skill set necessary to become a proficient peer reviewer.

The effect of nutrition on stroke risk: A systematic review

Background: An estimated 33% reduction in cardiovascular events can be achieved when incorporating whole grains, fruits, vegetables, poultry, nuts, and vegetable oils in the diet along with reduced consumption of refined carbohydrates, processed meats, and sugar sweetened beverages. We performed a systematic review to analyze the impact of nutritional intervention on stroke risk, as there is no current consensus concerning dietary recommendation for primary and secondary stroke prevention. Methods: A literature search of the PubMed database from January 2010 to June 2020 was performed using combinations of the following search terms: carotid disease, carotid artery disease, carotid stenosis, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), diet, nutrition, micronutrition, embolic stroke, and stroke. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 checklist. Results: 28 studies met our inclusion criteria. Multiple studies showed an inverse relationship between consumption of vegetables and fruits and stroke risk. Vitamin B12 or a combination of B Vitamins was the most common supplement studied in stroke prevention. Only one RCT showed the use of B12 (500 micrograms/day) correlated with lower CIMT at follow up in healthy vegetarians. Discussion: The key findings from this systematic review indicate that adopting a diet rich in fruits and vegetables earlier in life may lower stroke risk compared with meats and fat intake. B vitamins also appear to confer some protection against stroke. However, not enough data exists to support the use of multivitamins, calcium, soy products and other supplements for primary or secondary stroke prevention.

Intraparotid facial varix

A 72-year-old man had presented with a 4-day history of progressive left-sided facial swelling associated with pain. The physical examination revealed left facial fullness over the parotid gland without tenderness to palpation. His vital signs and laboratory test findings were within normal limits. A computed tomography scan demonstrated a left facial varix measuring 3.4 cm × 2.8 cm within an unremarkable-appearing parotid gland. Parotidectomy vs close observation were discussed, and the patient decided to pursue nonoperative management. Ultimately, his symptoms were self-limited, and the swelling had resolved within 6 months after the diagnosis. Interval computed tomography demonstrated a thrombosed left facial varix measuring 1.3 cm × 1.1 cm.

Modified Banding of Arteriovenous Fistulas for the Treatment of Vascular Access Induced Digital Ischaemia

Objective

Vascular access induced digital ischaemia is an uncommon complication of haemodialysis access procedures and is difficult to manage. Several techniques have been described to treat this phenomenon, with variable long term success. Although all of these procedures have been shown to work, they have a significant failure rate, such as persistent high vascular access flow or loss of access. One of the major technical limitations of these techniques is the lack of quantitative data gathered during the procedure to ensure treatment success. In this study, the aim was to describe a novel technique that can improve the success of banding in preserving access and eliminating digital ischaemia.

Technique

A modified method for arteriovenous fistula banding that incorporates measurements of distal arterial pressure to improve the success of the procedure is described.

Results

Sixteen patients with vascular access induced digital ischaemia and high-flow vascular access were treated using the technique. All procedures were technically successful. At 30 days, complete symptomatic relief (clinical success) was seen in 81% (n = 13) of patients. There was no access thrombosis or infection in any of the patients at the 30 day follow up. Six month follow up data were available in seven patients. There was no loss of access patency or recurrence of symptoms observed at six months.

Conclusion

This novel technique is simple and effective and can be used safely as first line therapy for the management of vascular access induced digital ischaemia.

•

Modified banding of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) is associated with no access thrombosis or infection.

•

Modified AVF banding leads to resolution of vascular access induced ischaemia in the majority of patients.

•

Modified AVF banding is a simple, minimally invasive, and effective technique.

A review of acute limb ischemia in COVID-positive patients

This literature review discusses the current evidence on acute limb ischemia (ALI) in patients with COVID-19. Throughout the pandemic, these patients have been at increased risk of arterial thrombotic events and subsequent mortality as a result of a hypercoagulable state. The exact mechanism of thrombosis is unknown; however arterial thrombosis may be due to invasion of endothelial cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, endothelial injury from inflammation, or even free-floating aortic thrombus. Multiple studies have been performed evaluating the medical and surgical management of these patients; the decision to proceed with operative intervention is dependent on the patient's clinical status as it relates to COVID-19 and morbidity of that disease. The interventions afforded typically include anticoagulation in patients undergoing palliation; alternatively, thrombectomy (endovascular and open) is utilized in other patients. There is a high risk of rethrombosis, despite anticoagulation, given persistent endothelial injury from the virus. Postoperative mortality can be high in these patients.

Scoping review of non-thermal technologies for endovenous ablation for treatment of venous insufficiency

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this review article is to compare the outcomes of newer non-thermal endovenous ablation techniques to thermal ablation techniques for the treatment of symptomatic venous insufficiency.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Three independent reviewers screened PubMed® and EMBASE® databases to identify relevant studies. A total of 1173 articles were identified from database search that met our inclusion criteria. Two articles were identified through reference search. Removal of duplicates from our original search yielded 695 articles. We then screened these articles and assessed 173 full-text articles for eligibility. Subsequent to exclusion, 11 full-text articles were selected for final inclusion.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

The non-thermal techniques are similar to thermal techniques in terms of a high technical success rate, closure rate at 12 months, change in Venous Clinical Severity Score and change in quality of life after procedure. However, the length of procedure is shorter for non-thermal modalities and patient comfort is improved with lower pain scores. Return to work may also be earlier after non-thermal ablation. The rates of bruising, phlebitis and paresthesia are higher after thermal ablation.

CONCLUSIONS

The non-thermal modalities are safe and effective in treating venous reflux and have shown improved patient comfort and shorter length of procedure which may make them favorable for use compared to the thermal modalities.

Anatomically Coiled Internal Carotid Artery Resulting in Severe Dysphagia and Burning Mouth Syndrome

This is a report of a 65-year-old female presenting with symptoms of dysphagia due to a coiled left internal carotid artery, treated with resection and primary repair. Dysphagia lusoria is more commonly caused by aortic arch anomalies, aberrant subclavian or common carotid arteries. Internal carotid tortuosity as a cause of severe dysphagia and burning mouth syndrome is highly unusual. A literature review examines the etiology, natural history, and treatment options.

The Role of Duplex Ultrasound in Assessing AVF Maturation

BACKGROUND

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are favored for hemodialysis (HD) access. However, in many instances, AVFs fail to mature. We examined the utility of postoperative color duplex ultrasound (CDU) in assessing AVF maturation and determining the need for balloon-assisted maturation (BAM).

METHODS

A total of 633 patients underwent AVF creation at a single institution from 2015 to 2018. A total of 339 patients (54%) underwent CDU at a median of 8 weeks postoperatively. We collected the following parameters: vein diameter, volume flow (VF), peak systolic velocities in arterial inflow and venous outflow, and presence of stealing branches. A peak systolic velocity ratio (SVR) of ≥2 correlated with ≥50% stenosis in venous outflow, and SVR ≥3 correlated with ≥50% stenosis at the anastomosis. AVFs were considered mature when they were successfully cannulated on dialysis. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was created to compare duplex criteria associated with successful use of AVF (maturation) to those AVFs that required further intervention or failed to mature. Fistulography images, the current gold standard, were compared with findings from CDU studies to determine validity of the duplex ultrasound.

RESULTS

Of the 339 AVFs with postoperative CDU, 31.3% matured without interventions, 38.3% required BAM, 9.7% thrombosed, and the remaining patients were not yet on HD. Based on GLMM analysis, the probability of AVF maturation increases if CDU demonstrated one of the following: the vein diameter is ≥ 6 (odds ratio [OR] = 38.7), no evidence of stenosis in the venous outflow tract (OR = 35.6), no stealing branches (OR = 21.6) and VF ≥ 675 (OR = 5.0). Fistulography was performed in 195 patents. Sensitivity and specificity for each are as follows: vein diameter (84.3%, 28.6%), stenosis (59.3%, 78.8%), and stealing branches (20.7%, 92.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Postoperative CDU should be considered routine to correct anatomical findings that might limit AVF maturation and identify the need for further interventions.

Maturation Rates of Arteriovenous Fistulas Using Small Veins in the Era of Endovascular Interventions

BACKGROUND

Traditional practice suggests the abandonment of veins smaller than 3 mm in diameter for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation because of a low rate of maturation. This study aims to show that with balloon-assisted maturation (BAM), undersized veins can be used to create functional AVFs with a high rate of success.

METHODS

All patients who underwent AVF creation between 2014 and 2018 at a tertiary academic medical center were retrospectively reviewed. The patients without preoperative vein mapping, those who failed to follow-up, and the patients who were not on dialysis were excluded. A fistula was considered to be mature if it was successfully cannulated for dialysis. A total of 596 patients were identified for analysis. The cohort was divided into the small-vein group (SVG, <2.5 mm) and large-vein group (LVG, ≥2.5 mm) based on preoperative vein size. Categorical variables were analyzed with the chi-squared test for their association with maturation status. Continuous variables were analyzed with the Wilcoxon rank sum test. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

In the study cohort, 61.9% of the patients were male, with an average age of 62.8 ± 13.7 years, and an average preoperative vein size of 2.9 ± 1.1 mm. With similar demographic distribution, the participants in the SVG (n = 216) had significantly smaller preoperative vein size of 1.9 ± 0.4 mm than the patients in the LVG (n = 380), 3.5 ± 0.8 mm (P = 0.001). There were significantly more radio-cephalic AVFs created in the SVG (77.8% versus 48.7%, P < 0.0001). The overall maturation rate was 83.1% (n = 495), 219 fistulas (36.7%) matured primarily and 276 (46.3%) required interventions. Ninety-one percent of the patients required only 1 or 2 BAMs to achieve maturation. The SVG achieved a maturation rate of 75.9% as compared with 87.1% in the LVG (P = 0.002). A significantly higher number of patients in the SVG required BAM for maturation as compared with the LVG (67.7% versus 49.9%, P = 0.0002); however, there was no difference in the average number of BAMs required for fistula maturation between the groups (1.5 ± 0.8 for the SVG vs. 1.4 ± 0.7 for the LVG). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, vein size ≥2.5 mm (odds ratio (OR) = 2.11, confidence interval (CI): 1.36-3.27, P = 0.0009) and male sex (OR = 2.30, CI: 1.49-3.57, P = 0.0002) were independent predictors of maturation.

CONCLUSIONS

Small veins can be used for AVF creation with lower but still favorable maturation rates using BAM interventions, especially in male patients. This practice can increase the creation of autogenous dialysis access and potentially reduce complications related to prosthetic dialysis access.

Acute Arterial Thromboembolism in Patients with COVID-19 in the New York City Area

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predisposes to arterial and venous thromboembolic complications. We describe the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of acute arterial ischemia and concomitant infection at the epicenter of cases in the United States.

Methods

Patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection between March 1, 2020 and May 15, 2020 with an acute arterial thromboembolic event were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, anatomical location of the thromboembolism, treatments, and outcomes.

Results

Over the 11-week period, the Northwell Health System cared for 12,630 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A total of 49 patients with arterial thromboembolism and confirmed COVID-19 were identified. The median age was 67 years (58–75) and 37 (76%) were men. The most common preexisting conditions were hypertension (53%) and diabetes (35%). The median D-dimer level was 2,673 ng/mL (723–7,139). The distribution of thromboembolic events included upper 7 (14%) and lower 35 (71%) extremity ischemia, bowel ischemia 2 (4%), and cerebral ischemia 5 (10%). Six patients (12%) had thrombus in multiple locations. Concomitant deep vein thrombosis was found in 8 patients (16%). Twenty-two (45%) patients presented with signs of acute arterial ischemia and were subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. The remaining 27 (55%) developed ischemia during hospitalization. Revascularization was performed in 13 (27%) patients, primary amputation in 5 (10%), administration of systemic tissue‐ plasminogen activator in 3 (6%), and 28 (57%) were treated with systemic anticoagulation only. The rate of limb loss was 18%. Twenty-one patients (46%) died in the hospital. Twenty-five (51%) were successfully discharged, and 3 patients are still in the hospital.

Conclusions

While the mechanism of thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear, the occurrence of such complication is associated with acute arterial ischemia which results in a high limb loss and mortality.

Is Routine Postoperative Anticoagulation Necessary in All Patients after First Rib Resection for Paget-Schroetter Syndrome?

BACKGROUND

Definitive treatment of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) involves first rib resection (FRR), division of the anterior scalene muscle, and resection of the subclavius muscle. This is a single-institution experience with PSS, according to a treatment algorithm of preoperative venogram (accompanied by lysis and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy as needed) followed by transaxillary FRR. In the later period of this experience, patients have often been discharged on aspirin only, with no plan for anticoagulation postoperatively. We sought to evaluate outcomes in light of this experience and these practice patterns.

METHODS

Between 2007 and 2018, 125 transaxillary FRRs were performed in 123 patients. All patients presented with documented venous thrombosis, underwent diagnostic venography and-if indicated-lysis and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (VPT) before FRR. The patient was not offered FRR if the vein could not be crossed with a wire and patency was not re-established during percutaneous treatment. The experience was divided into early (before 2012, n = 50) and late (n = 75) periods.

RESULTS

Mean patient age was 28.4 (12-64 years) years. Of the cohort, 33 were high-level competitive athletes, 13 presented with documented pulmonary embolism in addition to local symptoms, and 3 had a cervical rib fused to the first rib. Patients underwent FRR a median of 50 (4 days to 18 years) days after their initial symptoms, and a median of 22 (1 day to 9 months) days after their percutaneous intervention. Postoperative VPT was required in 23 patients and performed a median of 5 (1-137 days) days postoperatively; in 19 of these patients, postoperative VPT was required for postoperative re-thrombosis, whereas in 4 patients, postoperative VPT was planned before FRR due to vein stenosis or residual thrombus. All these patients were prescribed postoperative anticoagulation. No operative venous reconstruction or bypass was performed. Median follow-up time after FRR was 242 days; at last follow-up, 98.4% (123/125) of axillosubclavian veins were patent by duplex ultrasound (and all those patients were asymptomatic). Postoperative anticoagulation was less frequently prescribed in the late experience, with no difference in the rate of early re-thrombosis or follow-up patency.

CONCLUSIONS

This experience demonstrates 98.4% patency at last follow-up with standard preoperative percutaneous venography and intervention, transaxillary FRR, and postoperative endovascular re-intervention only in cases with persistent symptoms, stenosis, or re-thrombosis. Patients presenting with both acute and chronic PSS did not require surgical venous reconstruction. In the later experience, patients frequently have not been anticoagulated postoperatively. Advantages of this algorithm include the following: (1) the cosmetic benefits of the transaxillary approach, (2) the preoperative assessment of the ability to recanalize the vein to determine which patients will benefit from surgery, (3) the capacity to use thrombolysis preoperatively, and (4) potential elimination of the risk and inconvenience of postoperative anticoagulation.

A rare complication of testicular infarction after femorofemoral bypass highlighting the importance of surgical technique

We present an interesting case of a 66-year-old male who had acute testicular infarction following a right common femoral artery to left profunda femoris artery bypass with advanced symptoms of claudication. Angiography in the preoperative period demonstrated the extent of peripheral arterial disease present, revealing a calcified aorta, partially occluded left hypogastric artery, occluded left external iliac, common femoral and superficial femoral arteries and an occluded right hypogastric artery. A bypass was performed without any initial complications and subsequent relief of symptoms of claudication and rest pain. Postoperative scrotal pain and follow-up duplex demonstrated lack of perfusion of the testicle necessitating orchiectomy. This case serves to illustrate the importance of preserving collateral vessels as a technical consideration, as well as presenting a rare potential complication.

Retrievable inferior vena cava filters can always be removed using "fall-back" techniques

OBJECTIVE

Retrievable inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) left in place for a prolonged period can lead to complications including filter migration, fracture, and caval thrombosis. "Fall-back" techniques for IVCF retrieval that can be used when standard snaring is unsuccessful have been recently described. The purpose of this study was to analyze how incorporation of these new techniques affected the outcomes of IVCF retrievals at our institution during the past 5 years.

METHODS

Data were collected of all patients undergoing IVCF removal by vascular surgeons at a tertiary academic medical center between 2009 and 2013, including demographics and procedural and filter characteristics. A standard technique of snaring the retrieval hook was attempted first in all cases; if this was unsuccessful, a number of fall-back techniques were employed, including the use of endoscopic graspers, 18F sheaths, and snaring a second wire below the collar of the filter to collapse it into the sheath.

RESULTS

IVCF retrieval was attempted in 275 patients; 3 were excluded intraoperatively because of thrombus in the filter. Most filters (97%) were Günther Tulips (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind); 70% had been placed prophylactically before bariatric surgery. A total of 268 filters (98.5%) were retrieved successfully, 213 (79%) by standard snaring and 55 (21%) with fall-back techniques. In patients undergoing fall-back techniques, technical success was achieved 100% of the time. The median time since insertion was significantly longer in the fall-back group (173 days vs 83 days; P < .0001). Four intraoperative complications occurred; fractured wires embolized to the right atrium or pulmonary artery and were successfully removed endovascularly. The majority of the procedures (80%) were performed under sedation in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporation of fall-back techniques may allow 100% technically successful and safe removal of retrievable IVCFs and is especially useful in removing filters with prolonged dwell time.

Trends in Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair Length of Stay over a Decade at a Tertiary Academic Institution

BACKGROUND

Length of stay (LOS) is used as a quality metric to reduce cost and improve value of delivery of care. We sought to analyze trends in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) LOS at a tertiary academic institution over the last decade.

METHODS

A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed. Infrarenal EVARs from 2001 to 2013 were divided into 3 groups: group I (2001-2004), EVARs were performed as part of clinical trials; group II (2005-2008), EVARs were referred to a tertiary referral center with the most experience with EVAR; group III (2009-2013), EVARs were referred to academic institutions in the presence of severe patient comorbidities. Trends in LOS and correlation with severity of illness (SOI) as based on All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups and admission and/or disposition status were analyzed. LOS index (LOSI) at our institution was then compared with University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) Hospitals over the past 3 years.

RESULTS

A total of 1,265 EVARs were performed during this time period: 325 in group I, 547 in group II, and 393 in group III. The median LOS was 4 days (inter quartile range [IQR], 2-6) vs. 3 days (IQR, 2-5) ± 0.28 vs. 4 days (IQR, 3-7), respectively (P < 0.01). Although moderate SOI was fairly constant over time (P = 0.66), major and/or extreme SOI constituted a greater proportion of patients in group I, was reduced in group II, and was again increased in group III, P < 0.01. The complication rate paralleled this pattern (group I, 15.2%; group II, 8.6%; group III, 10.4%; P = 0.02). The percentage of patients discharged to nursing home and/or rehab was 5.7% in group I, 8.2% in group II, 11.5% in group III (P = 0.03). Cases that were performed urgently and/or emergently increased over time: 11.6% in group I, 14.9% in group II, 21.6% in group III (P = 0.01). The risk-adjusted LOSI at our institution was significantly greater (1.25) when compared with UHC hospitals (0.75).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests a relationship between time period of EVAR, SOI, complications, admission status, and LOS. Attention to these trends could be used to decrease LOS in an increasingly complex patient population.