Mitochondrial diversity and genetic structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Pearl River and Nandujiang River

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important valuable cyprinid in China and has been a popular cultured aquaculture species around the globe. Understanding the genetic diversity of wild native common carp not only provides basic data for the protection and utilisation of common carp resources but also assesses the effect of human activities on the genetic diversity of this species. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure of the common carp from 15 sampling populations in the Pearl River and Nandujiang River were determined using a coalescent mitochondrial locus (MLS), including mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb) and a control region (D-loop) segment. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.962 and 0.00628 in the Pearl River and 0.808 and 0.00376 in the Nandujiang River, respectively. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses indicated that three sub-species (a) C. c. rubrofuscus, (b) C. c. haematopterus and (c) C. c. carpio all occur in both rivers. AMOVA revealed that the variation within populations (86.2%) was the main source of the total variation. Statistically significant genetic differentiation among different Pearl River populations of C. c. rubrofuscus (F_st  = 0.05-0.25) and relatively high genetic differentiation between the Nandujiang River population and the Pearl River populations (F_st  > 0.238) are apparent. Bayesian clustering analyses detected that global populations consisted of eight genetic clusters and examined that Nandujiang River population included relatively pure genetic clusters. Neutrality tests suggested that native populations experienced recent population expansion, and Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot indicated that the common carp populations likely experienced a historical expansion during 0.125-0.250 MYA. Artificial fish propagation and release, escape from fish farms and Fang Sheng may explain the invasion of non-native sub-species in many river sections, such as Laibin, Rongjiang, Huizhou, Heyuan and Zhaoqing. To conserve the native common carp populations, release station should be established to culture native common carp fry. Overall, the findings can be contributed to complementing scientific knowledge for conservation and management of the wild native common carp.

Survival rate: an indicator of the management of acquired immune deficiency syndrome using Traditional Chinese Medicine

Complementary and alternative medicine, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been used as therapy against acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) for almost 30 years. Based on evaluation indicators for AIDS treatment using TCM, we discuss why the survival rate (which has been used widely in Western Medicine) should be adopted as a new important indicator of TCM treatment for AIDS. We advise that further prospective or retrospective cohort studies should be carried out to confirm this hypothesis.

Asymptomatic stage of human immunodeficiency virus infection is the optimal timing for its management with Traditional Chinese Medicine

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a worldwide public health problem and an incurable disease. The roles of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) on AIDS had been recognized and accepted by more and more people. Being a relatively long period, to initiate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for the asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection patient is not consensus. According to TCM theory, not only the imbalance of Yin and Yang but also the disharmony of internal body function and external natural environment had occurred in the body of the patient, the imbalance and the disharmony should be adjusted by the means of the treatment based on the patters identified among the symptoms in terms of TCM. We aimed to analyze the feature of patients with asymptomatic infection, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the us- age of cART for asymptomatic infection, explored the possible mechanism underlying TCM treatment of the asymptomatic infection, by reviewing the TCM treatment progress on asymptomatic HIV infection.