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Jabori SK, Hullfish H, Samaha Y, Becker H, Thaller SR. Unraveling the Enigma: A Rare Case of Recurrent Idiopathic Gynecomastia in an Adolescent. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:208-210. [PMID: 37991407 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecomastia presents as abnormal hypertrophy of mammary tissue in males that is typically asymptomatic and usually does not require intervention. Gynecomastia responds well to medical and surgical treatment, when necessary, with low recurrence rates. The authors report an atypical case of recurrent idiopathic unilateral gynecomastia first presenting in an adolescent male. Physical examination, hormonal, and oncologic evaluations were normal. After subcutaneous mastectomy with liposuction and treatment with Tamoxifen at 19 years old, his unilateral gynecomastia recurred over the course of 3 years, requiring a second surgery. Furthermore, we review the literature for recurrent gynecomastia after surgical management to examine prevalence and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan K Jabori
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami
| | - Haley Hullfish
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami
| | | | - Hilton Becker
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
- Clinic of Plastic Surgery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Seth R Thaller
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami
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2
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Fat SC, Weed C, Samaha Y, Chung A, Boyle MK, Giuliano A, Ray E, Amersi F. Incidence of Cancer and Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in BRCA Mutation Carriers Undergoing Prophylactic Mastectomies. Am Surg 2023; 89:4066-4071. [PMID: 37184070 DOI: 10.1177/00031348231175498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast surveillance in patients with BRCA mutations include mammography (MMG) and MRI. Patients may elect to undergo risk-reducing bilateral prophylactic mastectomies (BPM). Sentinel lymph node biopsies (SLNB) are frequently performed and associated with increased morbidity. This study sought to determine the correlation between preoperative imaging and the final pathology and evaluate the role of SLNB in these high-risk patients. METHODS A prospective database identified BRCA patients who underwent BPM between 2006 and 2022. Imaging, pathology, and operative reports were reviewed. RESULTS 170 patients with BRCA 1/2 mutations were identified. 162 (95.3%) had imaging within one year of BPM. Of these, 28 (17.3%) patients had a MMG/ultrasound, 53 (32.7%) had an MRI, and 81 (50%) had both; 21/162 (13.0%) patients had abnormal imaging. Bilateral SLNB were performed in 31 (18.2%) patients, of which 7 had abnormal imaging; unilateral SLNB were performed in 4 (2.4%) patients, of which 3 had abnormal imaging. 11/170 (6.4%) patients had a malignancy and only one (9%) of these patients had imaging abnormalities. 1/170 (0.6%) patient had an invasive carcinoma requiring an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), and 10/170 (5.9%) patients had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). 25/170 (14.7%) had ADH/ALH. Only 7/170 (4.1%) patients had imaging abnormalities and abnormal pathology. All SLNB and ALND performed demonstrated no metastatic disease. DISCUSSION There is a high rate of discordance between preoperative imaging prior to surgery in BRCA patients undergoing prophylactic mastectomies and final pathology. This study does not support routine SLNB at the time of BPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Chun Fat
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Weed
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasmina Samaha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice Chung
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marissa K Boyle
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Armando Giuliano
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward Ray
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Farin Amersi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Azadgoli B, Samaha Y, Chen J, Ray E. Defining sexual dimorphism in masculinizing chest surgery using 3-dimensional imaging. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 83:32-41. [PMID: 37270993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is no consensus on the ideal scar location and inframammary fold (IMF) placement in the gender-affirming double-incision mastectomy technique. Recent advances in imaging technology have facilitated noninvasive investigations into anatomic variability, in many cases, obviating the traditional approach of cadaveric dissection to answer anatomic questions. A better understanding of chest wall sexual dimorphism may allow surgeons who perform gender-affirming procedures to achieve more natural-appearing results. A total of 60 chests were analyzed using either cadaveric dissection (n = 30) or virtual dissection with 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) images (n = 30) using the Vitrea® software. Chest proportions were recorded using each technique, correlating surface anatomy with muscular and bony landmarks. Cadaveric and 3-D radiography chest analysis revealed that natal male chest walls are, on average, wider and longer than natal female chest walls. The pectoralis major muscle dimensions and the location of its insertion were not found to significantly differ between male and female chests. The male nipple-areolar complex (NAC) tended to be narrower in length and width, with a less projecting nipple than the female NAC. Finally, the IMF was found to lie over the interspace between the fifth and sixth rib in both male and female chests. Our findings confirm natal male and female IMF are positioned between the 5th and 6th ribs. This fact affirms the senior author's technique of masculinizing the chest, keeping the masculinized IMF at approximately the same level as the natal female IMF and following the pectoralis major muscle edges to define the resulting scar in a way that differs from previously reported techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beina Azadgoli
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1500 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yasmina Samaha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Edward Ray
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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4
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Samaha Y, Chen J, Ray EC. ADMs and synthetic meshes improve implant-based breast reconstruction aesthetics, but at what cost? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 80:178-181. [PMID: 37028245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have shown promise for use in reconstructive breast surgery as they improve aesthetic outcomes and decrease capsular contracture rates. However, concerns about their use remain because of the higher cost and complication profile. We report a single institution's implant-based-reconstruction (IBR) experience between 2007 and 2021, including cases performed by 51 plastic surgeons. For each stage of IBR, data on age, comorbidities, type of mesh used, and acute complications were collected. Of 1379 patients who underwent subpectoral IBR, 937 received an ADM or synthetic mesh as part of their reconstruction. 256 patients out of 264 treated with prepectoral IBR received an ADM or mesh. Infection and wound dehiscence rates were highest for patients who underwent prepectoral IBR with ADM. Both subpectoral and prepectoral IBR with ADM were associated with higher rates of infection and wound complications compared to without ADM or mesh, but only the difference among the subpectoral cohort reached statistical significance. Prepectoral IBR with ADM or mesh had the lowest rates of capsular contracture and aesthetic reoperations. Although the use of Vicryl® mesh in subpectoral IBR was associated with a higher risk of capsular contracture and skin flap necrosis compared to reconstruction with ADMs (10.53% versus 3.29%; p < 0.05), Vicryl® was associated with fewer aesthetic revisions. Our study demonstrated that prepectoral IBR with ADM or mesh resulted in the fewest aesthetic reoperations and the lowest rates of capsular contracture. Infection and wound dehiscence rates were notably higher for patients who had reconstruction with ADM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Samaha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward C Ray
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Samaha Y, Ray E. Three-Dimensional Video Microscopy: Potential for Improved Ergonomics without Increased Operative Time? Arch Plast Surg 2023; 50:125-129. [PMID: 36755658 PMCID: PMC9902199 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) video exoscopes are high-magnification stereo cameras that project onto monitors mounted in the operating room, viewable from different angles. Outside of plastic surgery, exoscopes have been shown to successfully improve the ergonomics of microsurgery, though sometimes with prolonged operating times. We compare a single surgeon's early experience performing free flap procedures from 2020 to 2021 using either a binocular microscope or a 3D video exoscope. Ten procedures were performed with the standard operating microscope and 8 procedures with the 3D exoscope. The microsurgeon, having minimal prior experience using an exoscope, reported less neck discomfort following the free flap procedures performed with the exoscope compared with the binocular surgical microscope. Total average operating time was comparable between the standard surgical microscope and the 3D exoscope (13.7 vs. 13.4 hours, p = 0.34). Our early experience using a 3D exoscope in place of a standard optical microscope demonstrated that the exoscope shows promise, offering an ergonomic alternative during microvascular reconstruction without increasing overall operating times. Future studies will compare free flap ischemia time between cases performed using the exoscope and the conventional binocular microscope. Medical Subject Headings authorized following words: free tissue flaps; operating rooms; ergonomics; microsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Samaha
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward Ray
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,Address for correspondence Edward C. Ray, MD 8635 W 3rd St, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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Abstract
Management of a transgender (TG) woman's gender dysphoria is individualized to address the sources of her distress. This typically involves some combination of psychological therapy, hormone modulation, and surgical intervention. Breast enhancement is the most commonly pursued physical modification in this population. Because hormone manipulation provides disappointing results for most TG women, surgical treatment is frequently required to achieve the goal of a feminine chest. Creating a female breast from natal male chest anatomy poses significant challenges; the sexual dimorphism requires a different approach than that used in cisgender breast augmentation. The options and techniques used continue to evolve as experience in this field grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Patel
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasmina Samaha
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Graham Ives
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tian-Yu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edward Ray
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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Patel H, Samaha Y, Basho R, Srinivasa DR, Chung AP. Non-healing Wound After Mastopexy: Cautionary Case Report for a Unique Source of a Marjolin's Ulcer of the Breast. Cureus 2021; 13:e17504. [PMID: 34646591 PMCID: PMC8478128 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marjolin’s ulcers (MUs) represent a unique degenerative process that results in malignancy. Classically, sites of previous burns are associated with MU but, in fact, any non-healing wound has been found to be a potential source of degeneration. Malignancies that arise include typically cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but SCC at the site of a previous wound is a more aggressive, lethal variant. This report represents a cautionary case of the management of an open wound and highlights a previously undescribed etiology of an MU in the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Patel
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yasmina Samaha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Reva Basho
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dhivya R Srinivasa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alice P Chung
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
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8
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Huiting LN, Samaha Y, Zhang GL, Roderick JE, Li B, Anderson NM, Wang YW, Wang L, Laroche F, Choi JW, Liu CT, Kelliher MA, Feng H. UFD1 contributes to MYC-mediated leukemia aggressiveness through suppression of the proapoptotic unfolded protein response. Leukemia 2018; 32:2339-2351. [PMID: 29743725 PMCID: PMC6202254 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the pivotal role of MYC in tumorigenesis, the mechanisms by which it promotes cancer aggressiveness remain incompletely understood. Here we show that MYC transcriptionally upregulates the ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 (UFD1) gene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Allelic loss of ufd1 in zebrafish induces tumor-cell apoptosis and impairs MYC-driven T-ALL progression but does not affect general health. As the E2 component of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) complex, UFD1 facilitates the elimination of misfolded/unfolded proteins from the ER. We found that UFD1 inactivation in human T-ALL cells impairs ERAD, exacerbates ER stress, and induces apoptosis. Moreover, we show that UFD1 inactivation promotes the proapoptotic unfolded protein response (UPR) mediated by protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK). This effect is demonstrated by an upregulation of PERK and its downstream effector C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), as well as a downregulation of BCL2 and BCLxL. Indeed, CHOP inactivation or BCL2 overexpression is sufficient to rescue tumor-cell apoptosis induced by UFD1 knockdown. Together, our studies identify UFD1 as a critical regulator of the ER stress response and a novel contributor to MYC-mediated leukemia aggressiveness, with implications for targeted therapy in T-ALL and likely other MYC-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Huiting
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Samaha
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G L Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Roderick
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - B Li
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N M Anderson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y W Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fjf Laroche
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J W Choi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C T Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M A Kelliher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - H Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Anderson NM, Li D, Peng HL, Laroche FJF, Mansour MR, Gjini E, Aioub M, Helman DJ, Roderick JE, Cheng T, Harrold I, Samaha Y, Meng L, Amsterdam A, Neuberg DS, Denton TT, Sanda T, Kelliher MA, Singh A, Look AT, Feng H. The TCA cycle transferase DLST is important for MYC-mediated leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2016; 30:1365-74. [PMID: 26876595 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the pivotal role of MYC in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and many other cancers, the mechanisms underlying MYC-mediated tumorigenesis remain inadequately understood. Here we utilized a well-characterized zebrafish model of Myc-induced T-ALL for genetic studies to identify novel genes contributing to disease onset. We found that heterozygous inactivation of a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme, dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (Dlst), significantly delayed tumor onset in zebrafish without detectable effects on fish development. DLST is the E2 transferase of the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), which converts α-KG to succinyl-CoA in the TCA cycle. RNAi knockdown of DLST led to decreased cell viability and induction of apoptosis in human T-ALL cell lines. Polar metabolomics profiling revealed that the TCA cycle was disrupted by DLST knockdown in human T-ALL cells, as demonstrated by an accumulation of α-KG and a decrease of succinyl-CoA. Addition of succinate, the downstream TCA cycle intermediate, to human T-ALL cells was sufficient to rescue defects in cell viability caused by DLST inactivation. Together, our studies uncovered an important role for DLST in MYC-mediated leukemogenesis and demonstrated the metabolic dependence of T-lymphoblasts on the TCA cycle, thus providing implications for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Anderson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Li
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H L Peng
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Institute of Molecular Hematology, Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - F J F Laroche
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M R Mansour
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Gjini
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Aioub
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Helman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Roderick
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - T Cheng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I Harrold
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Samaha
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Amsterdam
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D S Neuberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - T Sanda
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M A Kelliher
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - A Singh
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A T Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The Center for Cancer Research, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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