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Getie M, Gebre-Selassie S, Getu Y, Birara S, Tiruneh C, Abebaw A, Akelew Y, Abeje G, Enkobahry A. Bacterial profile and extended spectrum beta lactamase screening of urinary tract infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care in ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231197587. [PMID: 37933290 PMCID: PMC10625732 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231197587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The occurrence of extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing uropathogens, especially in pregnant women can result in life-threatening condition and morbidity for both the mother and the newborn due to very limited drug options for treatment of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile, associated factors, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to identify extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing bacterial uropathogens. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2018 on a total of 177 pregnant women with and without symptoms of urinary tract infection at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. From these study participants, 72 have symptoms, whereas 105 have no symptoms. All urine samples were inoculated onto cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient medium and MacConkey agar. Colonies were counted to check the presence of significant bacteriuria. Pure isolates of bacterial pathogen were characterized and identified at species level by colony morphology, gram stain, and standard biochemical procedures. All Gram-negative isolates were put into Muller-Hinton agar plates for antibiotic susceptibility test by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Extended spectrum beta lactamase was detected using double-disk synergy methods on Muller-Hinton agar. The data were double entered into epidemiological Information system and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 26. Results The overall proportion of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 14.7% (n = 26/177). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant bacterial etiologic agent of urinary tract infection 26.9% (n = 7/26). The proportion of extended spectrum beta lactamase among Gram-negative isolates was 50% (n = 6/12). Among extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing isolates (100%), all are resistance to amikacin and gentamicin while intermediate level resistance rate of 66.7% was observed among trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. They were susceptible for some limited drugs, and these were Nitrofurantoin (83.3%) and Chloramphenicol (83.3%). Conclusions Majority of extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing isolates exhibited co-resistance to other commonly prescribed antibiotics. This indicates that the option of treatment for these pathogens rapidly decreased from time to time which results serious life-threatening conditions, especially in mother and newborn unless the appropriate measure is taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla Getie
- Departments of Medical Laboratory Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Gebre-Selassie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemeserach Getu
- Department of Medical Laboratory/Microbiology Unit, ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Setognal Birara
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics’, University of Gonder, Gonder, Ethiopia
| | - Chalachew Tiruneh
- Departments of Biomedical Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debere Markose University, Debere Markose, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debere Markose University, Debere Markose, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Abeje
- Departments of Biomedical Science, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Aklesya Enkobahry
- Departments of Biomedical Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
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Mera HB, Wagnew F, Akelew Y, Hibstu Z, Berihun S, Tamir W, Alemu S, Lamore Y, Mesganaw B, Adugna A, Tsegaye TB. Prevalence and Predictors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Prison Inmates in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tuberc Res Treat 2023; 2023:6226200. [PMID: 37260437 PMCID: PMC10228229 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6226200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prisoners in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are at a high risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection due to overcrowding and poor ventilation. Consequently, TB is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in prison, and many inmates face a number of barriers to TB control and had limited information in the region. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of pulmonary TB and predictors among prison inmates in SSA. Methods From 2006 to 2019, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using various databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. The data were extracted in Microsoft Excel using a standardized data extraction format, and the analysis was carried out with STATA version 14. To detect heterogeneity across studies, the I2 and the Cochrane Q test statistics were computed. To determine the overall prevalence of TB and predictors among prison populations, a random effect meta-analysis model was used. Results Of the 3,479 retrieved articles, 37studies comprising 72,844 inmates met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of pulmonary TB among prison inmates in SSA was 7.74% (95% CI: 6.46-8.47). In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was found in the Democratic Republic Congo (DRC) (19.72%) followed by Zambia (11.68%) and then Ethiopia (9.22%). TB/HIV coinfection (OR 4.99 (95% CI: 2.60-9.58)), Body mass index (BMI < 18.5) (OR 3.62 (95% CI: 2.65-6.49)), incarceration (OR 4.52 (95% CI: 2.31-5.68)), and previous TB exposure (OR 2.43 (95% CI: 1.61-3.56)) had higher odds of pulmonary TB among inmates. Conclusion The prevalence of pulmonary TB among SSA prison inmates was found to be high as compared to total population. TB/HIV coinfection, BMI, incarceration duration, and TB exposure were all predictors with pulmonary tuberculosis in prison inmates. As a result, emphasizing early screening for prisoners at risk of pulmonary TB is an important point to achieving global TB commitments in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Belew Mera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
| | - Fasil Wagnew
- Department of Pediatrics Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
| | - Zigale Hibstu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
| | - Sileshi Berihun
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara 40, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Tamir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara 40, Ethiopia
| | - Simegn Alemu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Lamore
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre, Markos, 269, Ethiopia
| | - Bewket Mesganaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Adugna
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
| | - Tefsa Birlew Tsegaye
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
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Akelew Y, Whitehead B, Nejsum P. Longevity of Trichuris trichiura infection in the human host. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6663646. [PMID: 35960995 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we present evidence-based data for the longevity of Trichuris trichiura on a healthy volunteer who had ingested eggs of T. trichiura. Hence, T. trichiura lives in a human host for at least 6 years and 5 months. Concurrently, this study highlighted consideration for returning travellers and migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos 269, Ethiopia
| | - Bradley Whitehead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
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Tilahun A, Chekol E, Teklemaryam AB, Agidew MM, Tilahun Z, Admassu FT, Dagnaw N, Mengstie MA, Amsalu A, Mengistu EF, Akelew Y, Asmamaw T, Bantie B. Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia among HAART treated and HAART naive HIV positive clients attending Debre Tabor Hospital, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11342. [PMID: 36387433 PMCID: PMC9649969 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly active anti-retroviral therapy has been reported to be associated with a number of side effects in human immunodeficiency virus patients among which dyslipidemia isa common metabolic disorder. Methods A Hospital based comparative cross-sectional study among 228 HIV positive patients was conducted from July to August 2020. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Fasting venous blood sample was collected and analyzed for Lipid profiles. EDTA sample was analyzed for CD4+ T cell determination. Anthropometric measurement was done. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Independent t-test was done. Logistic and binary regression was done. Result A total of 228 HIV patients were enrolled in the study. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in HAART naive and HAART treated patients was 61 (53.5%) and 84 (73.7%), respectively. The prevalence of Total Cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl was 50% and 30%; High density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dl was 43.8% and 36%; Low density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥130 mg/dl was 48.3% and 28.1%; and Triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dl 59.6% and 39% among HAART treated and HAART naive, respectively. Age greater than 40 years (AOR = 3.27, 95% C.I: 1.47–7.25), blood pressure ≥140/90 (AOR = 16.13, 95% C.I: 5.81–44.75), being on HAART (AOR = 2.73, 95% C.I: 1.35–5.53) and body mass index >25 kg/m2 (AOR = 1.92, 95% C.I: 1.20–4.81) were identified as determinants of dyslipidemia. Conclusion The mean value of lipid profile was significantly higher among HAART treated as compared to those HAART naive HIV positive clients.
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Atnaf A, Shiferaw AA, Tamir W, Akelew Y, Toru M, Tarekegn D, Bewket B, Reta A. Hematological Profiles and Clinical Outcome of COVID-19 Among Patients Admitted at Debre Markos Isolation and Treatment Center, 2020: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Blood Med 2022; 13:631-641. [PMID: 36405428 PMCID: PMC9667503 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s380539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is coronavirus isolated from SARS patients. As far as the researchers' knowledge, there was paucity of studies conducted in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. As immune protection is arisen from our blood cells, assessing their level will provide a clue for controlling the disease and monitoring the prognosis. This study will also provide additional information for clinical intervention and patient management. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the hematological profile and clinical outcome of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) among patients admitted to the Debre Markos Isolation and Treatment Center (DMITC). MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted among 136 COVID-19 adult patients at DMITC from January 1, 2020 to March 30, 2021. Data related to clinical, hematological profiles and socio-demographic factors were collected, entered into Epi data, and analyzed using STATA 14.2 software. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the predictor variable and a p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Of 136 COVID-19 patients, 28.68% had died. The mean age of patients was 47.21±1.29 years. The hematological profile of the patients revealed that 28% had abnormal leukocyte, 23% abnormal lymphocyte, 44.85% abnormal granulocyte, 22.06% abnormal monocyte, 30.15% abnormal RBC and 87% abnormal platelet counts. The prevalence of anemia was 13.24%. CONCLUSION Leukocytosis (mainly granulocytosis and monocytosis) and lymphopenia, were the predominant abnormal findings of complete blood cell count (CBC) analysis of the patient's blood. Most of the patients had abnormally low platelet counts. RBC count and hematocrit determination were the only significant predictors of death. The clinician could manage cases according to the hematological findings of the patients. Further experimental studies should be conducted to determine hematological parameter changes and the clinical outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytenew Atnaf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abtie Abebaw Shiferaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Tamir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Milkiyas Toru
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Tarekegn
- Department of Public health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Bewket
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Reta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Phage therapy is one of the alternatives to treat infections caused by both antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with no or low toxicity to patients. It was started a century ago, although rapidly growing bacterial antimicrobial resistance, resulting in high levels of morbidity, mortality, and financial cost, has initiated the revival of phage therapy. It involves the use of live lytic, bioengineered, phage-encoded biological products, in combination with chemical antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Importantly, phages will be removed from the body within seven days of clearing an infection. They target specific bacterial strains and cause minimal disruption to the microbial balance in humans. Phages for medication must be screened for the absence of resistant genes, virulent genes, cytotoxicity, and their interaction with the host tissue and organs. Since they are immunogenic, applying a high phage titer for therapy exposes them and activates the host immune system. To date, no serious side effects have been reported with human phage therapy. In this review, we describe phage–phagocyte interaction, bacterial resistance to phages, how phages conquer bacterial resistance, the role of genetic engineering and other technologies in phage therapy, and the therapeutic application of modified phages and phage-encoded products. We also highlight the comparison of antibiotics and lytic phage therapy, the pros and cons of phage therapy, determinants of human phage therapy trials, phage quality and safety requirements, phage storage and handling, and current challenges in phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigale Hibstu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Zigale Hibstu, Email
| | - Habtamu Belew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Akelew Y, Andualem H, Ebrahim E, Atnaf A, Hailemichael W. Immunomodulation of COVID‐19 severity by helminth co‐infection: Implications for COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e573. [PMID: 34861106 PMCID: PMC8926508 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), an emerging virus in late 2019 causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), has caused a catastrophic effect, resulting in an unprecedented global crisis. The immunopathology of COVID‐19 appears to be clearly associated with a dysregulated immune response leading to organ failure and death. Similarly, over two billion people worldwide are infected with helminth, with those living in low‐middle‐income countries disproportionately affected. Helminth infections have been shown to possess immunomodulatory effects in several conditions. Helminth co‐infection in COVID‐19 patients is one of the potential reasons for global attention to answer why COVID‐19 severity is still lower in helminth endemic countries. Recent studies have shown that helminth endemic countries showed fewer cases and deaths so far and helminth co‐infection might reduce the severity of COVID‐19. Moreover, lessons from other diseases with helminth co‐infection have been shown to substantially reduce vaccine efficacy that could also be implicated for COVID‐19. This immunomodulatory effect of helminth has intended and unintended consequences, both advantageous and disadvantageous which could decrease the severity of COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy respectively. Herewith, we discuss the overview of COVID‐19 immune response, immunomodulatory effects of helminth co‐infections in COVID‐19, lessons from other diseases, and perspectives on the efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Akelew
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia
| | - Henok Andualem
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Tabor University Debre Tabor Ethiopia
| | - Endris Ebrahim
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia
| | - Aytenew Atnaf
- Hematology and Immunohematology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia
| | - Wasihun Hailemichael
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Tabor University Debre Tabor Ethiopia
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Akelew Y, Pareyn M, Lemma M, Negash M, Bewket G, Derbew A, Belay G, Pollmann J, Adriaensen W, Peeters M, Ombelet S, Adane A, Mohammed R, van Griensven J, Cnops L. Etiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illness at the emergency ward of the University of Gondar Hospital, Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:271-279. [PMID: 35029010 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Causes of acute febrile illness (AFI) often remain undetermined in developing countries, due to overlap of symptoms and limited available diagnostics. We aimed to assess the etiology of AFI in adults in a referral hospital in northwest Ethiopia. METHODS While all participants were tested for malaria by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), microscopy was only done on physician's request. Dengue virus (DENV) infections were detected using an RDT and ELISAs and dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya cases were identified by PCR. Bacterial etiologies were investigated using blood culture and PCR. RESULTS The etiology of acute infection was identified for 20.5% of 200 patients enrolled. 11.0% tested positive for Plasmodium, while microscopy was only requested for half of the identified malaria cases. For 4.0% of the Plasmodium-infected patients, an acute or past DENV (co-)infection was detected. We found 7.5% acute and 13.0% past DENV - all serotype 3 - infections. Bacterial infections were observed in 4.5% of the patients. CONCLUSION Malaria is still a considerable etiology of AFI and dengue is underrecognized. There are areas where both diseases occur concomitantly, and the DENV-3 serotype spreads from Sudan to northern Ethiopia. As only 20.5% of the etiologies were identified, a broader testing platform is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Myrthe Pareyn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mulualem Lemma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Negash
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegn Bewket
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Agegnehu Derbew
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gizeaddis Belay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Julia Pollmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Adriaensen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sien Ombelet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aynishet Adane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Rezika Mohammed
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.,Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Johan van Griensven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ebrahim E, Teklu T, Tajebe F, Wondmagegn T, Akelew Y, Fiseha M. Association of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Gene Polymorphism with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: In silico Analysis of Biological Features of CTLA-4 Protein on Ethiopian Population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2733-2751. [PMID: 36091481 PMCID: PMC9462946 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s375023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T1DM is a chronic organ-specific T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the selective destruction of β-cells in the islets of Langerhans, resulting in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Genes for cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 have been hypothesized as possible contender genes for T1DM vulnerability. However, it has not been studied in the Ethiopian population yet. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate CTLA-4 exon 1 was linked to A49G polymorphism with T1DM and its biological features of CTLA-4 among T1DM patients, in Ethiopia. METHODS A case-control study was done from December 2019 to March 2020 on 210 study participants (105 T1DM patients and 105 healthy controls). Polymerase Chain Reaction amplification with forward and reverse primers was followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and gel electrophoresis to determine gene polymorphism. Bioinformatics data of SNP was retrieved from National Centers for Biotechnology Information databases. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used. Statistical significance was defined as a P-value of less than 0.05. RESULTS The CTLA-4 (+A49G) gene polymorphism was observed on 56 (26.7%) study participants, 39 (18.57%) of T1DM patients, and 17 (0.08%) were controls. In T1DM and controls, the frequency of the A allele was 73.3% and 89.5%, while the G allele was 26.7% and 10.5%, respectively. The G allele was found to be associated with T1DM (OR=3.1; 95% CI, 1.82 -5.32; P=0.001). Statistical analysis revealed an association between the likelihood of T1DM and GG genotype of the CTLA-4 (+A49G) gene polymorphism (OR=3.11; 95% CI, 1.37-10.90; P=0.01). Further in silico analyzed the SNP to assess its biological features. CONCLUSION The study showed as CTLA-4 (+A49G) gene polymorphism is linked with T1DM in the Ethiopian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endris Ebrahim
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Endris Ebrahim, Email
| | - Takele Teklu
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsumbrhan Tajebe
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadelo Wondmagegn
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Fiseha
- Hematology and Immunohematology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Hailemichael W, Kiros M, Akelew Y, Getu S, Andualem H. Neopterin: A Promising Candidate Biomarker for Severe COVID-19. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:245-251. [PMID: 33564258 PMCID: PMC7866915 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s290264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has rapidly spread across the world since its first emergence in China in late 2019. It is a major public health concern with no effective treatct 3ments. The immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with an excessive inflammatory response. Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is also associated with the severity of the disease in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Neopterin is a macrophage activation marker produced by monocytes and macrophages upon activation by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Neopterin is a well-established marker in a variety of diseases, and recent evidence indicates that it could be helpful in early prediction of the severity of COVID-19 disease and serve as a prognostic marker. Here, we outline the role of macrophage activation syndrome in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that neopterin could be used as a biomarker for progression of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasihun Hailemichael
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Kiros
- Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Getu
- Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Andualem
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Akelew Y, Derbew A, Lemma M, Negash M, Bewket G, Belay G, Pollmann J, Adriaensen W, Adane A, Mohammed R, van Griensven J, Cnops L. Evaluation of C-reactive protein and myxovirus resistance protein A to guide the rational use of antibiotics among acute febrile adult patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:276-282. [PMID: 33002622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In low-resource settings, treatment is often given empirically without knowledge of the aetiology due to a lack of diagnostics. In the search for reliable rapid tests to guide treatment work-up, this study was performed to determine whether two biomarkers could differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial infections in acute febrile patients. METHODS Adults with acute fever were recruited at a referral hospital in Ethiopia. The QuikRead Go test was used to quantify C-reactive protein (qCRP) and the FebriDx test was used for combined qualitative detection of the bacterial CRP marker with myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), a viral biomarker. RESULTS Of the 200 patients included in this study, most presented with 2-3 days of fever, headache, and joint pain. Antibiotics were prescribed for 83.5% and antimalarials for 36.5%, while a bacterial infection was only confirmed in 5% and malaria in 11%. The median qCRP level for confirmed bacterial infections was 128 mg/l. The FebriDx and QuikRead Go test had an overall agreement of 72.0%. CONCLUSIONS An over-prescription of antibiotics for febrile patients was observed, even for those with low CRP levels and without a confirmed bacterial infection. The added value of the FebriDx was limited, while the combined use of rapid tests for qCRP and malaria should be considered for the management of acute febrile illness and antibiotic stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Agegnehu Derbew
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mulualem Lemma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Negash
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegn Bewket
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Gizeaddis Belay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Julia Pollmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Adriaensen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aynishet Adane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Rezika Mohammed
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Centre, University of Gondar, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Johan van Griensven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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