1
|
Yitayih Y, Vanderplasschen W, Vandewalle S, Rita VD, Gilbert L. The effects of khat use during pregnancy on perinatal and maternal outcomes: a meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:11-27. [PMID: 36689029 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chewing khat during pregnancy adversely affects maternal and fetal health, but available studies are scarce and inconsistent, and it is difficult to conclude the relationship between khat consumption and perinatal outcomes. We aimed to investigate the available studies on the effect of khat use during pregnancy on perinatal and maternal outcomes. For this meta-analysis, we conducted a thorough search of articles published in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science up to the date this search was undertaken (03.01.2022). We used random effect model with the Mantel-Haenszel method to calculate the pooled odds ratio and mean difference. We found that khat use during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased odds of low birth weight (OR:2.51; 95% CI: 1.60 to 3.94), congenital anomalies (OR:3.17; 95% CI: 1.30 to 7.73), premature rupture of membrane (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.59 to 2.50), perinatal mortality (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.26 to 3.03), and lower APGAR scores at the fifth minute (MD: -1.7; 95% CI: -2.32 to -1.07). Also, increased odds for developing maternal psychological stress and anemia were reported in women using khat during pregnancy. There were no statistically significant differences in stillbirth and preterm birth between women using khat during pregnancy and their counterparts. Since prenatal khat use is associated with adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, we strongly recommend equitable and easily accessible health services through the implementation of integrated addiction treatment with maternity services to address khat use during pregnancy and encourage the practice of healthy behavior of women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10. B 9000 Gent, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Vanderplasschen
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vandewalle
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Van Damme Rita
- Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10. B 9000 Gent, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Perinatal Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lemmens Gilbert
- Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10. B 9000 Gent, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Perinatal Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soboka M, Tesfaye M, Adorjan K, Krahl W, Tesfaye E, Yitayih Y, Strobl R, Grill E. Effect of food insecurity on mental health of patients with tuberculosis in Southwest Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045434. [PMID: 34588229 PMCID: PMC8479992 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of food insecurity on the mental health of patients with tuberculosis (TB) in Ethiopia. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTING Health centres and hospitals located in Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS Patients with TB who had recently been diagnosed with TB and started directly observed treatment in the selected 26 health institutions from October 2017 to October 2018. A total of 268 patients were followed for 6 months and data were collected at recruitment and two follow-up visits (at 2 and 6 months). Patients with multidrug-resistant TB were not included in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mental distress was measured by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 while food insecurity was assessed by using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. RESULTS A total of 268 patients were recruited and there was no lost to follow-up. The prevalence of food insecurity at baseline, first and second follow-up was 49.3%, 45.9% and 39.6%, respectively. Of these, 28.0% of them reported severe food insecurity at baseline which declined to 23.5% at the end of the sixth month. Likewise, the prevalence of mental distress at baseline was 61.2% but declined to 22.0% at the second follow-up. At baseline, 77.3% of patients with mental distress reported severe food insecurity but declined to 46.0% at second follow-up. In the final model, severe food insecurity (OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.4 to 9.4) and being a government employee (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.9) were associated with mental distress. CONCLUSION In this study, food insecurity was associated with mental distress over the course of follow-up. Likewise, there is a high prevalence of food insecurity and mental distress among patients with TB on treatment. Therefore, early assessment and interventions for food insecurity may improve the mental health of patients with TB on treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matiwos Soboka
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Tesfaye
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Krahl
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Isar Amper Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ralf Strobl
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital LMU Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Grill
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital LMU Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hassen MT, Soboka M, Widmann M, Keller L, Zeller AC, Büchele N, Barnewitz E, Yitayih Y, Schiller S, Senger J, Adorjan K, Odenwald M. Khat Use Patterns, Associated Features, and Psychological Problems in a Khat-Treatment-Seeking Student Sample of Jimma University, Southwestern Ethiopia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:645980. [PMID: 34490174 PMCID: PMC8416611 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.645980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Khat (Catha edulis) is a traditionally used substance in African and Arab countries that contains the amphetamine-like alkaloid cathinone. Khat use among Ethiopian students is a growing concern. This study aims to describe khat use, psychological problems, and motivation to change and to determine associated factors of khat use among students from Jimma University seeking psychological assistance. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a sample of 717 students from Jimma University, southwestern Ethiopia, who seek assistance to reduce khat use were recruited. The study used Amharic and Afaan Oromoo language versions of common psychological instruments and employed them as part of a comprehensive tablet computer-delivered self-report assessment battery, comprising the SRQ-20, the PCL-5, the LEC-5, the AUDIT, and the SOCRATES-khat. In addition, socio-demographic, economic variables, and functioning problems due to severe mental disorders were assessed. The analysis relied on the data of the 575 included participants and used clinical cut-off values to describe this treatment-seeking sample and hierarchical regression models to determine variables associated with khat use. Results: The sample showed high khat use in the past month (M = 31.55 bundles, SD = 28.53, on M = 15.11 days, SD = 8.54); 17.0% showed highly problematic use. The sample was extremely burdened with comorbid psychiatric problems: 21.6% reported functioning problems due to past mental disorders, 60.2% scored above the cut-off for current common mental disorders, 37.9% screened positive for PTSD, and 47.1% reported hazardous alcohol use. Small to medium intercorrelations between variables were detected, and in hierarchical regression models, higher motivation to change khat use was associated with higher use of the substance. Conclusions: This study clearly shows the need to develop research instruments, screening methods, and assistance services for khat-using students at Jimma University. Study participants' high mental health burden shows the need for targeted intervention programs that go beyond brief interventions for khat use. Furthermore, the study highlights challenges for implementing such services: the barriers to utilization for females and khat users without comorbid mental health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matiwos Soboka
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Marina Widmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lucas Keller
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anja C Zeller
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany
| | - Natascha Büchele
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eva Barnewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sabine Schiller
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jael Senger
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for International Health (CIHLMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Odenwald
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soboka M, Tesfaye M, Adorjan K, Krahl W, Tesfaye E, Yitayih Y, Strobl R, Grill E. Substance use disorders and adherence to antituberculosis medications in Southwest Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043050. [PMID: 34226210 PMCID: PMC8258551 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Ethiopia, little is known about the association between substance use disorders and adherence to antituberculosis (anti-TB) medications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of substance use disorders on adherence to anti-TB medications in Southwest Ethiopia. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTINGS Patients were recruited from 22 health centres and four hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS This study was conducted among 268 patients with TB, aged 18-80 in Southwest Ethiopia between October 2017 and October 2018. At baseline, patients who were exposed substance use disorders (134 patients) and unexposed to substance use disorders (134 patients) were recruited. Patients were followed for 6 months, and data were collected on three occasions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Adherence to anti-TB medications. RESULTS Patients with substance use disorders had consistently higher prevalence of non-adherence than those without, 16.4% versus 3.0% at baseline, 41.7% versus 14.4% at 2-month follow-up and 45.7% versus 10.8% at 6-month follow-up assessments. Patients with khat use disorder were 3.8 times more likely to be non-adherent to anti-TB medications than patients without khat use disorder (Adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=3.8, 95% CI 1.8 to 8.0). Patients who had alcohol use disorder (AUD) were also 3.2 times likely to have poor adherence compared with their counterparts (aOR=3.2, 95% CI 1.6 to 6.6). In addition, being educated (aOR=4.4, 95% CI 1.7 to 11.3), and being merchant (aOR=6.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 30.8) were associated with non-adherence to anti-TB medications. CONCLUSION Khat and AUDs predict greater likelihood of non-adherence to anti-TB medication. This implies the need to integrate the management for substance use disorders into the existing TB treatment services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matiwos Soboka
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maxmilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markos Tesfaye
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maxmilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maxmilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Krahl
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maxmilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Isar Amper Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ralf Strobl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology,Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital LMU Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Grill
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maxmilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology,Ludwig Maximilians University Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital LMU Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Birhanu Z, Ambelu A, Fufa D, Mecha M, Zeynudin A, Abafita J, Belay A, Doyore F, Oljira L, Bacha E, Feyisa J, Hadis Z, Ayele K, Addisu Y, Gutu B, Tesfaye D, Tilahun T, Imana G, Tolosa T, Mekonen S, Yitayih Y, Jibat N, Moges M, Adamu A, Teym A, Kenea A, Addis T, Mengesha A, Kebede Y. Risk perceptions and attitudinal responses to COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:981. [PMID: 34034694 PMCID: PMC8148408 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective risk communication is one of the critical strategies in the response to COVID-19. This study examined risk perceptions and attitudinal responses to COVID-19 among the educated section of the society in Ethiopia. METHODS An internet-based survey was conducted from April 22 to May 04, 2020, in Ethiopia. A questionnaire addressing the perception of health threat-combination of perceived vulnerability (PV) and perceived seriousness (PS), and perceived efficacy-combinations of perceived response efficacy (PRE), perceived self-efficacy (PSE), and perceived collective efficacy (PCE). The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Descriptive statistics were computed after the standardization of the scores. The scores for overall efficacy and threat were split by median value and response classifications were generated through threat by efficacy interactions. For statistical significance, 95% CI and p-value < 0.05 were used. RESULTS A total of 929 respondents submitted their responses. Eight hundred and twenty-eight (89.1%) of the respondents were male and 753 (81.1%) were Christian. The perceived threat to COVID-19 was generally low (median = 58.3). The median score for overall efficacy, PRE, and PSE were 79.8, 87.5, and 80.0, respectively. However, the median value (66.7) for PCE was relatively low. Perceived threat significantly varied by age, education, occupation, and place of residence (p < 0.05). Perceived efficacy significantly differed by gender, residence, and use of some sources of information (p < 0.05). In terms of response to COVID-19, 290 (31.2%), 239 (25.7%), 175 (18.8%) and 225 (24.2%) of the respondents were in the responsive, pro-active, avoidant, and indifferent attitudinal categories, respectively. The avoidant and indifferent groups constituted a fear control response (mal-adaptive motivation towards COVID-19 protective behavior) whereas responsive and pro-active categories formed a danger control response (self-protective motivation). These responses varied significantly by residence, region, religion, and sources of information (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Understanding people's perceived health threat and efficacy is a critical step toward creating risk communication campaigns. Hence, this study provided an insight that has the potential to inform the COVID-19 risk communication campaigns targeting the educated section of the society, by ensuring a balanced combination of threat appeals and efficacy messages for improved self-protective responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zewdie Birhanu
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Fufa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Mecha
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Zeynudin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Abafita
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Belay
- Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Doyore
- Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Bacha
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Risk Communication and Community Engagement Unit, Finfinne, Ethiopia
| | - Jilcha Feyisa
- Department of Oncology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zinabu Hadis
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ketema Ayele
- Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Addisu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Gutu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia
| | - Demu Tesfaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Tilahun
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Gudeta Imana
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Tolosa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Jibat
- Department of Sociology, College of Social Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mathewos Moges
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayinengida Adamu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Health System Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Teym
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Adamu Kenea
- Department of Public Health, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
| | - Taffere Addis
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Akalework Mengesha
- Department of Sociology, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ambelu A, Birhanu Z, Yitayih Y, Kebede Y, Mecha M, Abafita J, Belay A, Fufa D. Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: an online cross-sectional study to identify the need for equal attention of intervention. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2021; 20:22. [PMID: 33766076 PMCID: PMC7992507 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic led individuals to suffer from different levels of mental health problems such as psychological distress, anxiety, depression, denial, panic, and fear. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of psychological distress and associated factors among the Ethiopian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed through an online survey using different online platforms. The questionnaire was created through Google Form and the survey link was administered by e-mail, LinkedIn, Telegram, and Facebook. Educated Ethiopian population who have access to the internet were invited to participate through an online survey and addressed to 929 respondents. The study participants completed the survey anonymously without any personal identifier. The psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler 10-item tool to measure psychological distress. Data were analyzed using SPSS and logistic regression to examine mutually adjusted associations, expressed as adjusted odds ratios. A generalized additive model was also employed to identify additional predictors using R. RESULTS The prevalence of high psychological distress among the study population was 236 (25.5%). Of all respondents, 421 (45.1%) had low psychological distress, 274 (29.4%) had moderate psychological distress, 164 (17.6%) had high psychological distress, and 72 (7.3%) had very high psychological distress. Psychological distress increased with being at young and middle-aged adults, getting information from social media, and not correctly practicing infection prevention and control measures to prevent COVID-19 infection. Respondents with high perceived severity had increased psychological distress. On the contrary, those with the highest score of perceived response efficacy had low distress. CONCLUSION Prevalence of psychological distress was substantial. The need for intervention of psychological distress inline with the prevention of COVID-19 is critically essential. The intervention target groups are those whose information sources are from social media, young and middle-aged adults, and those who do not correctly practice infection prevention and control measures against COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Mecha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Abafita
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Belay
- Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Fufa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wolde A, Tesfaye Y, Yitayih Y. Psychopathy and Associated Factors Among Newly Admitted Prisoners in Correctional Institution Located in Bench Sheko and West Omo Zone, South West Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:261-273. [PMID: 33688279 PMCID: PMC7935445 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s294013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychopathy is an emerging health and behavioral problem worldwide. Psychopathy is linked to risk substance use, maltreatment, violence, crime, and reoffending, but little is known about psychopathy in low income countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence and factors associated with psychopathy among newly-admitted prisoners in Bench Sheko and West Omo zone correctional center, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 20 to July 19, 2019, among 411 (N=422) newly-admitted Bench Sheko and West Omo zone correctional center prisoners by using a consecutive sampling technique. A semi-structured and interviewer administered psychopathy checklist revised tool was used for screening psychopathy. WHO, ASSIST tool was used for screening risk use of khat, tobacco, and alcohol. Trauma, maltreatment, and social support were assessed with a life event checklist, adverse life experience screening tool, and Oslo social support scale, respectively. In addition, Criminal and clinical history of the prisoner was also assessed. The data was entered into Epi-data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 21 for statistical analysis. A logistic regression model was used. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 in the final fitting model were declared as independent predictors of psychopathy. Results The prevalence of psychopathy was 24.3%. Childhood maltreatment (AOR=6, 95% CI=2.2–17.5), risky khat use (AOR=4.6, 95% CI=2.4–8.7), poor social support (AOR=3.5, 95% CI=1.9–6.6), family history of imprisonment (AOR=3, 95% CI=1.5–6), history of trauma (AOR=2.3, 95% CI=1.1–4.8), and reoffending (AOR=2, 95% CI=1.1–3.8) were positively associated variables with psychopathy. Conclusion Psychopathy is highly prevalent among newly-admitted prisoners. Integrated efforts involving relevant stakeholders are needed to design strategies for early screening of psychopathy to prevent reoffending, and management of risk substance use at admission is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asrat Wolde
- Department of Psychiatry, Colleague of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yitayih Y, van Os J. Prevalence and determinants of chewing khat among women in Ethiopia: data from Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:127. [PMID: 33663452 PMCID: PMC7934259 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia and other countries in eastern Africa, khat abuse is an increasing public health problem. Levels of use appear to be increasing in women, who are more vulnerable to khat-related problems. However, population-based data are lacking as studies have been small and related to specific settings. This study aimed to contribute to current knowledge on the prevalence of chewing khat and associated factors among women in Ethiopia, using data from the 2016 Ethiopian national demographic and health survey. METHODS The 2016 EDHS used a two-stage stratified sampling design to select households. A total of 645 enumeration areas (202 urban and 443 rural) were selected, based on the 2007 Ethiopia Population and Housing Census. In these, 18,008 households were considered, from which 15,683 women were included from individual households. The women were interviewed by trained lay interviewers. Data were tabulated and logistic regression was used to examine mutually adjusted associations, expressed as adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS The lifetime prevalence of chewing khat among women was 9.9%. Current khat use was 8.4%, with a mean of 14.2 days of use in the last month. Khat use increased with increasing age, remaining constant after age 35 years, having one child, lower educational level, being Muslim by religion and not pertaining to the lowest wealth index category. Not being in a marital relationship with the most recent sex partner and Protestant religion were protective factors. CONCLUSION Lifetime prevalence of chewing khat among women in Ethiopia is substantial and associated with specific sociodemographic risks. These can be used in targeted public health efforts to control the use of khat and reduce the associated health and economic burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medical faculty, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Jim van Os
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yitayih Y, Lemu YK, Mekonen S, Mecha M, Ambelu A. Psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak among Jimma University Medical Centere visitors in Southwestern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043185. [PMID: 33408210 PMCID: PMC7789207 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has posed several medical, psychosocial and economic impacts among the majority of the society. The ambiguity of its transmission, the intense desire of self-protection, family, and friends, the unknown impact of catching the disease itself, unstoppable spread, the panic and outright misinformation lead to acute stress reaction syndrome. However, reliable data related to this contagion lack the prevalence of acute stress reaction syndrome and associated factors among Jimma University Medical Centre hospital visitors in Southwestern Ethiopia. AIMS The main objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with acute stress reaction syndrome during the COVID-19 outbreak among Jimma University Medical Centre Hospital visitors, Ethiopia. METHODS An interviewer-administered cross-sectional study was conducted among 247 visitors of the Jimma University Medical Centre in Ethiopia. The study was conducted within 2 weeks of the first COVID-19 cases detected on 13 March 2020 in Ethiopia. Data on demographic and socioeconomic status were collected during the interview using structured questionnaires. The psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and symptoms of insomnia were measured using the Insomnia Severity Index. Social support was evaluated using Oslo three-item Social Support Scale. Logistic regression was employed to determine the associations between dependent and independent variables. Besides, psychosocial stress score was generated using principal component analysis. A paired permutation test was also performed to determine the variability of psychosocial stress between groups. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 30.47 years, and 76.5% of the participants were male. Acute stress reaction syndrome was detected in 44.1% of hospital visitors. Of the participants, 38.5%, 17.4%, 8.5% and 35.6% had a minimal, mild, moderate and severe psychological impact, respectively. Factors positively associated with acute stress reaction syndrome were individuals who perceived that COVID-19 leads to stigma (adjusted OR (AOR): 3.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 9.45), mild insomnia (AOR: 14.74, 95% CI 6.14 to 35.40), moderate to severe insomnia (AOR: 35.1, 95% CI 10.76 to 114.66), low social support (AOR: 4.08, 95% CI 1.31 to 12.67) and governmental employees (AOR: 8.09, 95% CI 1.38 to 47.18). CONCLUSION The study revealed the existence of a high prevalence of acute stress reaction syndrome during the COVID-19 outbreak among different groups of the community. Therefore, our results will contribute to the global awareness of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Argaw Ambelu
- Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic causes healthcare professionals to suffer mental health problems such as psychological distress, anxiety, depression, denial and fear. However, studies are lacking related to Ethiopia and to Africa in general. AIMS To study the mental health of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. METHOD A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jimma University Medical Center among 249 healthcare professionals. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires between 22 and 28 March 2020. The psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) and symptoms of insomnia were measured using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Social support was evaluated using the three-item Oslo Social Support Scale. Data were analysed using logistic regression to examine mutually adjusted associations, expressed as adjusted odds ratios. The psychosocial status of the healthcare professionals was predicted using a classification tree model supported by the genetic search method. RESULTS The prevalence of psychological distress among healthcare professionals was 78.3%. The mean IES-R score was 34.2 (s.d. = 19.4). The ISI score indicated that the prevalence of insomnia was 50.2%. Higher psychological distress was associated with younger age, having insomnia, not having a daily update on COVID-19, and feeling stigmatised and rejected in the neighbourhood because of hospital work. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that, in Ethiopia, the prevalence of psychological distress among healthcare professionals is high and associated with specific sociodemographic risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Zeynudin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Embialle Mengistie
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kebede Y, Birhanu Z, Fufa D, Yitayih Y, Abafita J, Belay A, Jote A, Ambelu A. Myths, beliefs, and perceptions about COVID-19 in Ethiopia: A need to address information gaps and enable combating efforts. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243024. [PMID: 33253268 PMCID: PMC7703946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endeavor to tackle the spread of COVID-19 effectively remains futile without the right grasp of perceptions and beliefs presiding in the community. Therefore, this study aimed to assess myths, beliefs, perceptions, and information gaps about COVID-19 in Ethiopia. METHODS An internet-based survey was conducted in Ethiopia from April 22 to May 04, 2020. The survey link was promoted through emails, social media, and the Jimma University website. Perceptions about COVID-19 have considered the World Health Organization (WHO) resources and local beliefs. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 20.0. Classifications and lists of factors for each thematic perception of facilitators, inhibitors, and information needs were generated. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) was executed to assist categorizations. Standardized mean scores of the categories were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A significant difference was claimed at p-value <0.05. RESULTS A total of 929 responses were gathered during the study period. The EFA generated two main categories of perceived facilitators of COVID-19 spread: behavioral non-adherence (55.9%) and lack of enablers (86.5%). Behavioral non-adherence was illustrated by fear of stigma (62.9%), not seeking care (59.3%), and hugging and shaking (44.8%). Perceived lack of enablers of precautionary measures includes staying home impossible due to economic challenges (92.4%), overcrowding (87.6%), and inaccessible face masks (81.6%) and hand sanitizers (79.1%). Perceived inhibitors were categorized into three factors: two misperceived, myths (31.6%) and false assurances (32.9%), and one correctly identified; engagement in standard precautions (17.1%). Myths about protection from the virus involve perceived religiosity and effectiveness of selected food items, hot weather, traditional medicine, and alcohol drinking, ranging from 15.1% to 54.7%. False assurances include people's perception that they were living far away from areas where COVID-19 was rampant (36.9%), and no locally reported cases were present (29.5%). There were tremendous information needs reported about COVID-19 concerning protection methods (62.6%), illness behavior and treatment (59.5%), and quality information, including responses to key unanswered questions such as the origin of the virus (2.4%). Health workers were perceived as the most at-risk group (83.3%). The children, adolescents, youths were marked at low to moderate (45.1%-62.2%) risk of COVID-19. Regional, township, and access to communication showed significant variations in myths, false assurances, and information needs (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Considering young population as being at low risk of COVID-19 would be challenging to the control efforts, and needs special attention. Risk communication and community engagement efforts should consider regional and township variations of myths and false assurances. It should also need to satisfy information needs, design local initiatives that enhance community ownership of the control of the virus, and thereby support engagement in standard precautionary measures. All forms of media should be properly used and regulated to disseminate credible information while filtering out myths and falsehoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Fufa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Abafita
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Belay
- Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Jote
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kebede Y, Yitayih Y, Birhanu Z, Mekonen S, Ambelu A. Knowledge, perceptions and preventive practices towards COVID-19 early in the outbreak among Jimma university medical center visitors, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233744. [PMID: 32437432 PMCID: PMC7241810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel-coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is currently a pandemic and public health emergency of international concern, as avowed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Ethiopia has become one of the affected countries as of March 15, 2020. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and practices among the Jimma University medical center (JUMC) visitors in Jimma town. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 247 sampled visitors, from 20-24 March 2020. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit the participants. The study tools were adapted from WHO resources. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the status of knowledge, perception, and practices. Logistic regression was executed to assess the predictors of dominant preventive practices. RESULTS Of the 247 respondents, 205 (83.0%) knew the main clinical symptoms of COVID-19. 72.0% knew that older people who have chronic illnesses are at high risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. About 95.1% knew that the COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected people, while 77 (31.2%) of the respondents knew about the possibility of asymptomatic transmission. Only 15 (6.1%) knew that children and young adults had to involve preventive measures. Overall, 41.3% of the visitors had high knowledge. The majority, 170(68.8%), felt self-efficacious to controlling COVID-19. 207(83.3%) believed that COVID-19 is a stigmatized disease. Frequent hand washing (77.3%) and avoidance of shaking hands (53.8%) were the dominant practices. Knowledge status and self-efficacy (positively), older age, and unemployment (negatively) predicted hand washing and avoidance of handshaking. CONCLUSIONS The status of knowledge and desirable practices were not sufficient enough to combat this rapidly spreading virus. COVID-19 risk communication and public education efforts should focus on building an appropriate level of knowledge while enhancing the adoption of recommended self-care practices with special emphasis on high-risk audience segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yitayih Y, Feyissa GT, Adorjan K, Soboka M. Effectiveness of symptom-triggered regimen versus fixed-dosage regimen of benzodiazepine treatment for alcohol detoxification: a systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth 2020; 18:1064-1069. [PMID: 32813360 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of a symptom-triggered regimen versus a fixed-dosage regimen of benzodiazepine treatment for alcohol detoxification. INTRODUCTION Patients with alcohol use disorder who suddenly decrease their alcohol consumption or abstain completely may experience alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Adequate treatment of detoxification can relieve the patient's distress, prevent the development of more serious symptoms and forestall collective effects that might worsen future withdrawals. INCLUSION CRITERIA The review will consider studies that include people with alcohol withdrawal syndrome who are taking benzodiazepine treatment in an inpatient setting. Studies of people with alcohol withdrawal syndrome who are under the age of 18 will be excluded. This review will exclude studies of people with alcohol withdrawal syndrome who are non-verbal (e.g. stupor due to head injury) or have a history of seizure. Studies published in English will be included. METHODS An initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken to identify articles. The text words contained in the titles and abstracts, and index terms were used to develop a full search strategy. The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, will be adapted for each included information source. Studies will be pooled for statistical meta-analysis. Effect sizes will be expressed as odds ratios (for categorical data) or weighted mean differences (for continuous data), and their 95% confidence intervals will be calculated for analysis. The heterogeneity will be assessed using the I test and chi-squared test. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018115777.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Garumma Tolu Feyissa
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Matiwos Soboka
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mekuriaw B, Belayneh Z, Yitayih Y. Magnitude of Khat use and associated factors among women attending antenatal care in Gedeo zone health centers, southern Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:110. [PMID: 31992259 PMCID: PMC6988234 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Khat (Catha edulis) is a fresh green leave commonly chewed for recreational purpose and its euphoric effect as a result of dopamine activities stimulation effect of Khat. Women may use Khat during their pregnancy to tolerate their pregnancy related distress. Khat has biological, social or psychological complications; adverse pregnancy outcomes and negatively affects the health of the mother and the fetus. However, magnitude, pattern and associated factors of Khat use are not well addressed among pregnant women in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to address this gap by assessing the magnitude and associated factors of Khat use among women attending antenatal care service at Gedeo zone rural health centers. Methods This was a facility based cross-sectional study conducted at rural health centers in Gedeo zone from June 1st to August 1st, 2017. The data were collected through structured interview using an interview guide developed from different literatures. A total of 718 pregnant women attending antenatal care service participated in the study using multi stage sampling technique. Bivariable and multivariable analysis were used to identify associated factors of Khat use among women during their current pregnancy period. In the multivariable analysis, variables with P-Values of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant correlates of Khat use. The strength of the association was also measured with adjusted odds ratio at a corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results The lifetime and current prevalence of khat use among pregnant women were 11.0% (95%CI: 8.8–13.2) and 9.9% (95% CI: 7.7–12), respectively. The odds of being khat user was higher among those who had khat user partner [AOR = 3.450, 95% C.I (1.907–6.244)], respondents with alcohol use behavior [AOR = 3.235, 95% C.I (1.573–6.659)] and mental distress [AOR = 3.575, 95% C.I (2.067–6.189)]. Conclusion Significant proportions of pregnant women were experiencing khat chewing during pregnancy. Having khat user partner, alcohol use behavior and metal distress were significantly associated with khat use of pregnant women. This demonstrates a need to integrate the prevention, early identification and intervention of Khat use as a component of treatment modality for pregnant women during their antenatal visit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birhanie Mekuriaw
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medical Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Belayneh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medical Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yitayih Y, Soboka M, Tesfaye E, Abera M, Mamaru A, Adorjan K. A cross-sectional study of psychopathy and khat abuse among prisoners in the correctional institution in Jimma, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227405. [PMID: 31945093 PMCID: PMC6964971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Khat abuse and psychopathy are both strongly related to criminal activity. Higher rates of substance use in people with psychopathy are hypothesized to be related to psychopathic personality traits, which include high sensation seeking, low conscientiousness and neuroticism, impulsivity, and irresponsibility. Little is known, however, about the association between psychopathy and khat abuse among prisoners in Ethiopia. Therefore, we evaluated the presence of these two factors in prisoners in the correctional institution in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Materials and methods We used a cross-sectional study design to collect data from 336 prisoners from June 5 to July 5, 2017. Study participants were selected by a systematic random sampling technique. Khat abuse was assessed with the Drug Abuse Screening Tool and psychopathy with the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. We also assessed nicotine dependence with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; alcohol use disorder, with the alcohol use disorder identification test; adverse traumatic life events, with the Life Events Checklist; and social support, with the Oslo 3-Item Social Support Scale. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed in bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Variables with a P value < 0.05 in the final fitted model were declared to be significantly associated with the outcome variable. Results The overall prevalence of lifetime khat use was 59.9%, and the prevalence of khat abuse in prisoners with psychopathy was 78.0%. Prisoners with psychopathy had a three times higher odds ratio of abusing khat than those without psychopathy (AOR = 3.00 [1.17–7.67]). Among the confounders, a family history of substance use (AOR = 2.50 [1.45–4.31]), poor support (AOR = 2.28 [1.11–4.67]), alcohol use disorder (AOR = 7.78 [4.16–14.53]), and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts (AOR = 2.26 [1.45–4.31]) were also positively associated with khat abuse. Conclusions The prevalence of khat abuse was higher in prisoners with possible or probable psychopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Matiwos Soboka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mubarek Abera
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Almaz Mamaru
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yitayih Y, Soboka M, Tesfaye E, Abera M, Mamaru A, Adorjan K. Trauma exposure and alcohol use disorder among prisoners in Jimma Zone correctional institution, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:748. [PMID: 31744528 PMCID: PMC6862803 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trauma exposure and alcohol use are closely related, and large proportion of trauma-exposed individuals use alcohol. The data presented in this paper were obtained as part of a study on substance use disorder and associated factors among prisoners in the correctional institution in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Therefore, in this study we examined comorbidity of traumatic life experiences and alcohol use disorder in inmates of correctional institution in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. RESULTS The overall prevalence of lifetime alcohol use disorder was 40.1%, and the prevalence of alcohol use disorder among prisoners with lifetime trauma exposure was 44.0%. Participants with multiple trauma exposures had 2.5-fold higher odds of association for alcohol use disorder than their counterparts (AOR = 2.47 [1.23-4.94]). Living in urban areas (AOR = 4.86 [2.38-9.94]), presence of psychopathy (AOR = 3.33 [1.25-8.86]), khat abuse (AOR = 7.39 [3.99-13.68]), and nicotine dependence (AOR = 2.49 [1.16-5.34]) were also positively associated with alcohol use disorder. The prevalence of alcohol use disorder was higher among prisoners with lifetime trauma exposure. Also, this study indicates that prisoners with multiple trauma exposures had higher odds of association for alcohol use disorder than those with no trauma exposure. A public health intervention targeting survivors of traumatic experiences needs to be designed and implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Matiwos Soboka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mubarek Abera
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Almaz Mamaru
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yitayih Y, Abera M, Tesfaye E, Mamaru A, Soboka M, Adorjan K. Substance use disorder and associated factors among prisoners in a correctional institution in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:314. [PMID: 30261864 PMCID: PMC6161458 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder is an important public health problem and one of the major causes of disability worldwide. Substance use and criminal behavior are closely related and there is a significant association between substance misuse and crime, but little is known about substance use disorder among prisoners, in particular in low-income countries. Therefore, we investigated substance use disorder and associated factors in inmates of a correctional institution in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS We used a cross-sectional study design to collect data from 336 prisoners from June 5 to July 5, 2017. Study participants were selected from the total of 1460 prisoners eligible for the study by a systematic random sampling technique, i.e., one participant was randomly selected from every four consecutive admissions in the registration book. Alcohol use disorder, nicotine dependence, khat abuse, cannabis use disorder, psychopathy, adverse traumatic life events, and social support were assessed. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed in bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models with the Statistical Package for Social Science version 21. Variables with a P value < 0.05 in the final fitting model were declared to be associated with the outcome variable. RESULTS The overall prevalence of substance use disorder was 55.9%. The prevalence of khat abuse was 41.9%; alcohol use disorder, 36.2%; nicotine dependence, 19.8%; and cannabis use disorder, 3.6%. Poor social support, living in urban areas, psychopathy, and a family history of substance use were positively associated with substance use disorder. CONCLUSIONS Substance use disorder is prevalent among prisoners. The increased morbidity and unpleasant psychosocial consequences associated with substance use disorder, together with our finding that 66.3% of prisoners with substance use disorder were interested in obtaining treatment, suggest a need to establish prison-based treatment in this correctional institution in Jimma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Mubarek Abera
- 0000 0001 2034 9160grid.411903.eDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Eliais Tesfaye
- 0000 0001 2034 9160grid.411903.eDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Almaz Mamaru
- 0000 0001 2034 9160grid.411903.eDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Matiwos Soboka
- 0000 0001 2034 9160grid.411903.eDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- 0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany ,0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|