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Kharouf N, Flanagan TW, Alamodi AA, Al Hmada Y, Hassan SY, Shalaby H, Santourlidis S, Hassan SL, Haikel Y, Megahed M, Brodell RT, Hassan M. CD133-Dependent Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase /AKT/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling in Melanoma Progression and Drug Resistance. Cells 2024; 13:240. [PMID: 38334632 PMCID: PMC10854812 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma frequently harbors genetic alterations in key molecules leading to the aberrant activation of PI3K and its downstream pathways. Although the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR in melanoma progression and drug resistance is well documented, targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway showed less efficiency in clinical trials than might have been expected, since the suppression of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway-induced feedback loops is mostly associated with the activation of compensatory pathways such as MAPK/MEK/ERK. Consequently, the development of intrinsic and acquired resistance can occur. As a solid tumor, melanoma is notorious for its heterogeneity. This can be expressed in the form of genetically divergent subpopulations including a small fraction of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs) that make the most of the tumor mass. Like other CSCs, melanoma stem-like cells (MSCs) are characterized by their unique cell surface proteins/stemness markers and aberrant signaling pathways. In addition to its function as a robust marker for stemness properties, CD133 is crucial for the maintenance of stemness properties and drug resistance. Herein, the role of CD133-dependent activation of PI3K/mTOR in the regulation of melanoma progression, drug resistance, and recurrence is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji Kharouf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W. Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | | | - Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Sofie-Yasmin Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Hosam Shalaby
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Sarah-Lilly Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mossad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Robert T. Brodell
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Al Hmada Y, Brodell RT, Kharouf N, Flanagan TW, Alamodi AA, Hassan SY, Shalaby H, Hassan SL, Haikel Y, Megahed M, Santourlidis S, Hassan M. Mechanisms of Melanoma Progression and Treatment Resistance: Role of Cancer Stem-like Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:470. [PMID: 38275910 PMCID: PMC10814963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the third most common type of skin cancer, characterized by its heterogeneity and propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor, composed of genetically divergent subpopulations, including a small fraction of melanoma-initiating cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and many non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs). CSCs are characterized by their unique surface proteins associated with aberrant signaling pathways with a causal or consequential relationship with tumor progression, drug resistance, and recurrence. Melanomas also harbor significant alterations in functional genes (BRAF, CDKN2A, NRAS, TP53, and NF1). Of these, the most common are the BRAF and NRAS oncogenes, with 50% of melanomas demonstrating the BRAF mutation (BRAFV600E). While the successful targeting of BRAFV600E does improve overall survival, the long-term efficacy of available therapeutic options is limited due to adverse side effects and reduced clinical efficacy. Additionally, drug resistance develops rapidly via mechanisms involving fast feedback re-activation of MAPK signaling pathways. This article updates information relevant to the mechanisms of melanoma progression and resistance and particularly the mechanistic role of CSCs in melanoma progression, drug resistance, and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Robert T. Brodell
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W. Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Abdulhadi A. Alamodi
- College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, 310 W Woodrow Wilson Ave Ste 300, Jackson, MS 39213, USA;
| | - Sofie-Yasmin Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Hosam Shalaby
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Sarah-Lilly Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Koleilat A, Kumar V, Al Hmada Y, Milosevic D, Zheng G, Lopes MB, Ida CM. Concurrent TERT promoter C228T and C250T mutations in diffuse gliomas: Rare occurrence of intratumoral heterogeneity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:1044-1047. [PMID: 37812785 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Koleilat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Dragana Milosevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Beatriz Lopes
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cristiane M Ida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Benedict KC, Al Hmada Y, Gordon C, Hoppe I. Squamous cell carcinoma admixed with sebaceous carcinoma of upper lip in a 7-year-old female. Pediatric Hematology Oncology Journal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Turner E, Johal S, Marshall G, Herrington B, Criddle J, Reddy A, Sukumaran A, Hmada YA, Shiflett JM, Karlson C. QOL-01. Inflammatory biomarkers and psychological sequela in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9164993 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pediatric brain tumors are the second most common type of pediatric cancer, and these patients face the worst health related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes. Adult studies show increased inflammation association with lower HRQOL in adult brain tumor survivors. This relationship has not been explored in pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS). We conducted a case-control study to explore the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and psychological sequela (i.e., sleep disturbance, fatigue, pain, negative affect) in PBTS. METHODS: Survivors aged 7-14 years with a primary brain tumor diagnosis were recruited from UMMC (N=29) and UAB (N=4) between 2016-2019. A control group (N=12) was recruited from UMMC well-child appointments. Parents and children completed self-reported surveys of pain, sleep, fatigue, and mood. The primary aims were to: (1) examine levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) inflammation in PBTS compared to controls (2) examine if higher CRP and SOX2 (from tumor tissue) were associated with psychological sequela. Independent samples T-Tests and spearman correlations evaluated aims. RESULTS: The final sample included 33 PBTS: median age=12.42 years; sex=51.5% female; race=63.6% Caucasian, 33.3% African American; pathologic diagnoses=67% astrocytoma/glioma, 11% medulloblastoma, 6% ependymoma, 12% other. Twelve controls had a median age=11.98 years; sex=41.7% female; race=16.7% Caucasian, 83.8% African American. There were marginal elevations in CRP for PBTS (44%, n=13) compared to controls (13%, n=1) (p=0.06). In PBTS, higher CRP levels were associated with greater parent-reported fatigue (p=0.035), sleep-wake disorders (p=0.017), excessive somnolence (p=0.042) and longer pain duration (p=0.037). From 13 tumor samples, positive SOX2 (69% of samples) was associated with increased parent-reported sleep-wake disorders (p=0.016), excessive somnolence (p=0.036), and both child and parent-reported sleep disturbance (child: p=0.014; parent: p=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated inflammation in PBTS, up to 9 years post-treatment, is consistently associated with increased sleep disturbance and fatigue. These relationships warrant further investigation in PBTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Turner
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Sonal Johal
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Gailen Marshall
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Allergy/Immunology , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Betty Herrington
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Jannie Criddle
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Alyssa Reddy
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Hematology/Oncology , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Anju Sukumaran
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Youssef Al Hmada
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pathology , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - James M Shiflett
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Cynthia Karlson
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Jackson, MS , USA
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6
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Galarza LI, Azar CA, Al Hmada Y, Medina A. Surgical management of giant acne keloidalis nuchae lesions. Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg 2021; 8:145-152. [PMID: 34568514 PMCID: PMC8462837 DOI: 10.1080/23320885.2021.1982392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a progressive inflammatory condition that affects posterior neck and occiput. Treatment options include antibiotics, steroids, lasers, radiotherapy and surgery. We present three patients with advanced ‘tumor-stage’ AKN that underwent radical local excision followed by either immediate or delayed skin resurfacing, and briefly review existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Galarza
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Camille A Azar
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology. School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Abelardo Medina
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Farkas A, Lirette ST, Al Hmada Y, Collier AB, Barr J, Vijayakumar S, Vijayakumar V. Single-Institution Experience of Synovial Sarcoma. South Med J 2020; 113:16-19. [PMID: 31897493 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the patient population and outcomes of synovial sarcoma at a single institution. METHODS A retrospective review of the medical records of 28 patients with synovial sarcoma diagnosed from 1992 to 2017 was performed. Demographics, staging, disease location, treatment, and response to treatment were reviewed. RESULTS Individuals with larger tumors at the time of presentation had an increased risk of death. An additional factor associated with poor prognosis in synovial sarcoma was increasing patient age. The patient population had a higher rate of nonextremity disease and lower overall survival when compared with national averages. CONCLUSIONS Nonextremity disease and large size of tumor at presentation may have contributed to the disparity in institutional outcomes from the national averages. The advanced presentation of synovial sarcoma remains a significant challenge in improving patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Farkas
- From the Departments of Radiology, Data Science, Pathology, Pediatric Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Seth T Lirette
- From the Departments of Radiology, Data Science, Pathology, Pediatric Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Youssef Al Hmada
- From the Departments of Radiology, Data Science, Pathology, Pediatric Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Anderson B Collier
- From the Departments of Radiology, Data Science, Pathology, Pediatric Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Jennifer Barr
- From the Departments of Radiology, Data Science, Pathology, Pediatric Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Srinivasan Vijayakumar
- From the Departments of Radiology, Data Science, Pathology, Pediatric Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Vani Vijayakumar
- From the Departments of Radiology, Data Science, Pathology, Pediatric Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morris
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Joseph R Chaudry
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Kathryn M Nutter
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Chris D Reed
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morris
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Joseph R Chaudry
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Kathryn M Nutter
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Chris D Reed
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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10
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Vengaloor Thomas T, Abraham A, Bhanat E, Al Hmada Y, Albert A, Vijayakumar S, Stinger SP, Packianathan S. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus with 13 years of follow-up-A case report and review of literature. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:2194-2201. [PMID: 31788278 PMCID: PMC6878039 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extremely rare, sarcomas including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sino-nasal tract lesions. Long-term cure is possible through definitive operative management followed by adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toms Vengaloor Thomas
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Anu Abraham
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Eldrin Bhanat
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Ashley Albert
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Srinivasan Vijayakumar
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Scott P. Stinger
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative SciencesUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
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Abstract
Context.—
Chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma is an exceedingly rare variant of osteosarcoma, with 22 cases reported in the English-language literature. The tumor is slightly more common in males, with a broad age range (from childhood to elderly). The most commonly involved bones are the metatarsus and tibia, followed by the femur. Most tumors have malignant or worrisome radiographic findings. Prognosis is variable, depending on the presence or absence of lung metastases, local recurrence, and probably tumor location. Histologically, chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma is characterized by monotonous, minimally to moderately atypical rounded cells with ovoid nuclei resembling chondroblastoma, and abnormal osteoid deposition with destruction of the bone.
Objective.—
To review the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma.
Data Sources.—
PubMed-published chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma cases in the English-language literature.
Conclusions.—
Although exceedingly rare, chondroblastoma-like osteosarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chondroblastoma, especially in the presence of radiologic findings suggestive of an aggressive lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Al Hmada
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Al Hmada, Bernieh, Lewin, and Allen), and Radiology (Dr Morris), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Anas Bernieh
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Al Hmada, Bernieh, Lewin, and Allen), and Radiology (Dr Morris), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Robert W. Morris
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Al Hmada, Bernieh, Lewin, and Allen), and Radiology (Dr Morris), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Jack Lewin
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Al Hmada, Bernieh, Lewin, and Allen), and Radiology (Dr Morris), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Timothy Allen
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Al Hmada, Bernieh, Lewin, and Allen), and Radiology (Dr Morris), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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Alamodi AA, Eshaq AM, Hassan SY, Al Hmada Y, El Jamal SM, Fothan AM, Arain OM, Hassan SL, Haikel Y, Megahed M, Hassan M. Cancer stem cell as therapeutic target for melanoma treatment. Histol Histopathol 2016; 31:1291-301. [PMID: 27301538 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive skin tumor that is characterized by its extraordinary heterogeneity, propensity for dissemination to distant organs and resistance to cytotoxic agents. Although chemo- and immune-based therapies have been evaluated in clinical trials, most of these therapeutics do not show significant benefit for patients with advanced disease. Treatment failure in melanoma patients is attributed mainly to the development of tumor heterogeneity resulting from the formation of genetically divergent subpopulations. These subpopulations are composed of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) as a small fraction and non-cancer stem cells that form the majority of the tumor mass. In recent years, CSCs gained more attention and suggested as valuable experimental model system for tumor study. In melanoma, intratumoral heterogeneity, progression and drug resistance result from the unique characteristics of melanoma stem cells (MSCs). These MSCs are characterized by their distinct protein signature and tumor growth-driving pathways, whose activation is mediated by driver mutation-dependent signal. The molecular features of MSCs are either in a causal or consequential relationship to melanoma progression, drug resistance and relapse. Here, we review the current scientific evidence that supports CSC hypothesis and the validity of MSCs-dependent pathways and their key molecules as potential therapeutic target for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi A Alamodi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Abdulaziz M Eshaq
- Alfaisal University, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Siraj M El Jamal
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Ahmed M Fothan
- Alfaisal University, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omair M Arain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | | | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Strasbourg, France
- Clinic of Operative Dentristy and Endodonties, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
- Clinic of Operative Dentristy and Endodonties, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Dhossche
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
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