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Nagasawa N, Kimura R, Akagawa M, Shirai T, Sada M, Okayama K, Sato-Fujimoto Y, Saito M, Kondo M, Katayama K, Ryo A, Kuroda M, Kimura H. Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of the Spike Protein Gene and Spike Protein in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2336. [PMID: 37764181 PMCID: PMC10537508 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, we performed molecular evolutionary analyses of the spike (S) protein gene/S protein using advanced bioinformatics technologies. First, time-scaled phylogenetic analysis estimated that a common ancestor of the Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, Delta variants, and Omicron variants/subvariants diverged in May 2020. After that, a common ancestor of the Omicron variant generated various Omicron subvariants over one year. Furthermore, a chimeric virus between the BM.1.1.1 and BJ.1 subvariants, known as XBB, diverged in July 2021, leading to the emergence of the prevalent subvariants XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16. Next, similarity plot (SimPlot) data estimated that the recombination point (breakpoint) corresponded to nucleotide position 1373. As a result, XBB.1.5 subvariants had the 5' nucleotide side from the breakpoint as a strain with a BJ.1 sequence and the 3' nucleotide side as a strain with a BM.1.1.1 sequence. Genome network data showed that Omicron subvariants were genetically linked with the common ancestors of the Wuhan and Delta variants, resulting in many amino acid mutations. Selective pressure analysis estimated that the prevalent subvariants, XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16, had specific amino acid mutations, such as V445P, G446S, N460K, and F486P, located in the RBD when compared with the BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants. Moreover, some representative immunogenicity-associated amino acid mutations, including L452R, F486V, R493Q, and V490S, were also found in these subvariants. These substitutions were involved in the conformational epitopes, implying that these mutations affect immunogenicity and vaccine evasion. Furthermore, these mutations were identified as positive selection sites. These results suggest that the S gene/S protein Omicron subvariants rapidly evolved, and mutations observed in the conformational epitopes may reduce the effectiveness of the current vaccine, including bivalent vaccines such as mRNA vaccines containing the BA.4/BA.5 subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norika Nagasawa
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1, Tonya-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (N.N.); (K.O.)
- Department of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University School of Medical Science and Technology, 1-7-1, Tonya-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Ryusuke Kimura
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, 1338-4, Shibukawa, Shibukawa-shi 377-0008, Gunma, Japan; (R.K.); (T.S.)
- Department of Bacteriology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi-shi 371-8514, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mao Akagawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Juntendo University Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Shirai
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, 1338-4, Shibukawa, Shibukawa-shi 377-0008, Gunma, Japan; (R.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyourin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kaori Okayama
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1, Tonya-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (N.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Yuka Sato-Fujimoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University School of Medical Science and Technology, 1-7-1, Tonya-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Makoto Saito
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Gunma Paz University School of Medical Science and Technology, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mayumi Kondo
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Gunma Paz University School of Medical Science and Technology, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirogane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan;
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-7-1, Tonya-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (N.N.); (K.O.)
- Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University Research Institute, 1338-4, Shibukawa, Shibukawa-shi 377-0008, Gunma, Japan; (R.K.); (T.S.)
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Gunma Paz University School of Medical Science and Technology, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan; (M.S.); (M.K.)
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Kitazawa M, Yoshimura M, Hitokoto H, Sato-Fujimoto Y, Murata M, Negishi K, Mimura M, Tsubota K, Kishimoto T. Survey of the effects of internet usage on the happiness of Japanese university students. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17:151. [PMID: 31604455 PMCID: PMC6787969 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Besides research on psychiatric diseases related to problematic Internet use (PIU), a growing number of studies focus on the impact of Internet on subjective well-being (SWB). However, in previous studies on the relationship between PIU and SWB, there is little data for Japanese people specifically, and there is a lack of consideration for differences in perception of happiness due to cultural differences. Therefore, we aimed to clarify how happiness is interdependent on PIU measures, with a focus on how the concept of happiness is interpreted among Japanese people, and specifically among Japanese university students. Methods A paper-based survey was conducted with 1258 Japanese university students. Respondents were asked to fill out self-report scales regarding their happiness using the Interdependent Happiness Scale (IHS). The relationship between IHS and Internet use (Japanese version of the Internet addiction test, JIAT), use of social networking services, as well as social function and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) were sought using multiple regression analyses. Results Based on multiple regression analyses, the following factors related positively to IHS: female gender and the number of Twitter followers. Conversely, the following factors related negatively to IHS: poor sleep, high- PIU, and the number of times the subject skipped a whole day of school. Conclusions It was shown that there was a significant negative correlation between Japanese youths’ happiness and PIU. Since epidemiological research on happiness that reflects the cultural background is still scarce, we believe future studies shall accumulate similar evidence in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kitazawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michitaka Yoshimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Hitokoto
- Department of Culture, Faculty of Humanities, Fukuoka University, Jonan, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato-Fujimoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Gumma Paz University, Takasaki, Gumma, Japan
| | - Mayu Murata
- Department of Student Affairs, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishiro Kishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Kitazawa M, Yoshimura M, Murata M, Sato-Fujimoto Y, Hitokoto H, Mimura M, Tsubota K, Kishimoto T. Associations between problematic Internet use and psychiatric symptoms among university students in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:531-539. [PMID: 29652105 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Research on the adverse effects of Internet use has gained importance recently. However, there is currently insufficient data on Japanese young adults' Internet use, so we conducted a survey targeting Japanese university students to research problematic Internet use (PIU). We also investigated the relationship between PIU and multiple psychiatric symptoms. METHODS A paper-based survey was conducted at five universities in Japan. Respondents were asked to fill out self-report scales regarding their Internet dependency using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Sleep quality, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tendency, depression, and anxiety symptom data were also collected based on respective self-reports. RESULTS There were 1336 responses and 1258 were included in the analysis. The mean IAT score (± SD) was 37.87 ± 12.59; and 38.2% of participants were classified as PIU, and 61.8% as non-PIU. The trend level for young women showed that they were more likely to be classified as PIU than young men (40.6% and 35.2% respectively, P = 0.05). Compared to the non-PIU group, the PIU group used the Internet longer (P < 0.001), had significantly lower sleep quality (P < 0.001), had stronger ADHD tendencies (P < 0.001), had higher Depression scores (P < 0.001), and had higher Trait-Anxiety scores (P < 0.001). Based on multiple logistic regression analyses, the factors that contributed to an increased risk of PIU were: being female (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52), being older (OR = 1.17), having poor sleep quality (OR = 1.52), having ADHD tendencies (OR = 2.70), having depression (OR = 2.24), and having anxiety tendencies (OR = 1.43). CONCLUSION We found a high PIU prevalence among Japanese young adults. The factors that predicted PIU were: female sex, older age, poor sleep quality, ADHD tendencies, depression, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kitazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michitaka Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Murata
- Department of Student Affairs, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Hidefumi Hitokoto
- Department of Culture, Faculty of Humanities, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishiro Kishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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