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Maslennikov R, Poluektova E, Zolnikova O, Sedova A, Kurbatova A, Shulpekova Y, Dzhakhaya N, Kardasheva S, Nadinskaia M, Bueverova E, Nechaev V, Karchevskaya A, Ivashkin V. Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16502. [PMID: 38003692 PMCID: PMC10671141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the end result of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. Studying the mechanisms of its development and developing measures to slow down and regress it based on this knowledge seem to be important tasks for medicine. Currently, disorders of the gut-liver axis have great importance in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. However, gut dysbiosis, which manifests as increased proportions in the gut microbiota of Bacilli and Proteobacteria that are capable of bacterial translocation and a decreased proportion of Clostridia that strengthen the intestinal barrier, occurs even at the pre-cirrhotic stage of chronic liver disease. This leads to the development of bacterial translocation, a process by which those microbes enter the blood of the portal vein and then the liver tissue, where they activate Kupffer cells through Toll-like receptor 4. In response, the Kupffer cells produce profibrogenic cytokines, which activate hepatic stellate cells, stimulating their transformation into myofibroblasts that produce collagen and other elements of the extracellular matrix. Blocking bacterial translocation with antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and other methods could slow down the progression of liver fibrosis. This was shown in a number of animal models but requires further verification in long-term randomized controlled trials with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Maslennikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
- The Interregional Public Organization “Scientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome”, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Poluektova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
- The Interregional Public Organization “Scientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome”, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana Zolnikova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Alla Sedova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Anastasia Kurbatova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Yulia Shulpekova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Natyia Dzhakhaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Svetlana Kardasheva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Maria Nadinskaia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bueverova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Anna Karchevskaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia (A.S.); (N.D.); (M.N.); (E.B.)
- The Interregional Public Organization “Scientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome”, 119048 Moscow, Russia
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Shulpekova Y, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Synitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Lapina N, Nechaev V, Kardasheva S, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. The Role of Bile Acids in the Human Body and in the Development of Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113401. [PMID: 35684337 PMCID: PMC9182388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are specific and quantitatively important organic components of bile, which are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol and are involved in the osmotic process that ensures the outflow of bile. Bile acids include many varieties of amphipathic acid steroids. These are molecules that play a major role in the digestion of fats and the intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds and are also involved in the regulation of many functions of the liver, cholangiocytes, and extrahepatic tissues, acting essentially as hormones. The biological effects are realized through variable membrane or nuclear receptors. Hepatic synthesis, intestinal modifications, intestinal peristalsis and permeability, and receptor activity can affect the quantitative and qualitative bile acids composition significantly leading to extrahepatic pathologies. The complexity of bile acids receptors and the effects of cross-activations makes interpretation of the results of the studies rather difficult. In spite, this is a very perspective direction for pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Synitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Natalia Lapina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Svetlana Kardasheva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
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Shulpekova Y, Shirokova E, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Sinitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Nechaev V, Damulin I, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. A Recent Ten-Year Perspective: Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061983. [PMID: 35335345 PMCID: PMC8953976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are important physiological agents required for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients. In addition, bile acids act as sensors of intestinal contents, which are determined by the change in the spectrum of bile acids during microbial transformation, as well as by gradual intestinal absorption. Entering the liver through the portal vein, bile acids regulate the activity of nuclear receptors, modify metabolic processes and the rate of formation of new bile acids from cholesterol, and also, in all likelihood, can significantly affect the detoxification of xenobiotics. Bile acids not absorbed by the liver can interact with a variety of cellular recipes in extrahepatic tissues. This provides review information on the synthesis of bile acids in various parts of the digestive tract, its regulation, and the physiological role of bile acids. Moreover, the present study describes the involvement of bile acids in micelle formation, the mechanism of intestinal absorption, and the influence of the intestinal microbiota on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Elena Shirokova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Department of Hepatology University Clinical Hospital No.2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Sinitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Damulin
- Branch of the V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, 127994 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
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Shulpekova Y, Nechaev V, Kardasheva S, Sedova A, Kurbatova A, Bueverova E, Kopylov A, Malsagova K, Dlamini JC, Ivashkin V. The Concept of Folic Acid in Health and Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123731. [PMID: 34207319 PMCID: PMC8235569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates have a pterine core structure and high metabolic activity due to their ability to accept electrons and react with O-, S-, N-, C-bounds. Folates play a role as cofactors in essential one-carbon pathways donating methyl-groups to choline phospholipids, creatine, epinephrine, DNA. Compounds similar to folates are ubiquitous and have been found in different animals, plants, and microorganisms. Folates enter the body from the diet and are also synthesized by intestinal bacteria with consequent adsorption from the colon. Three types of folate and antifolate cellular transporters have been found, differing in tissue localization, substrate affinity, type of transferring, and optimal pH for function. Laboratory criteria of folate deficiency are accepted by WHO. Severe folate deficiencies, manifesting in early life, are seen in hereditary folate malabsorption and cerebral folate deficiency. Acquired folate deficiency is quite common and is associated with poor diet and malabsorption, alcohol consumption, obesity, and kidney failure. Given the observational data that folates have a protective effect against neural tube defects, ischemic events, and cancer, food folic acid fortification was introduced in many countries. However, high physiological folate concentrations and folate overload may increase the risk of impaired brain development in embryogenesis and possess a growth advantage for precancerous altered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (E.B.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (E.B.); (V.I.)
| | - Svetlana Kardasheva
- Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (E.B.); (V.I.)
| | - Alla Sedova
- Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (E.B.); (V.I.)
| | - Anastasia Kurbatova
- Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (E.B.); (V.I.)
| | - Elena Bueverova
- Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (E.B.); (V.I.)
| | - Arthur Kopylov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Kristina Malsagova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-9878
| | | | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Sechenov University, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (E.B.); (V.I.)
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