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Matuszewski M, Reznikov Y, Pruc M, Peacock FW, Navolokina A, Júarez-Vela R, Jankowski L, Rafique Z, Szarpak L. Prognostic Performance of Cystatin C in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14607. [PMID: 36361485 PMCID: PMC9654308 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin C is a specific biomarker of kidney function. We perform this meta-analysis to determine the association of Cystatin C with the COVID-19 severity. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and Web of Science for studies published until 2nd September 2022 that reported associations between Cystatin C levels and COVID-19 severity. The analysis was performed using a random-effects model to calculate pooled standard mean difference (SMD). Twenty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis showed statistically significant differences of Cystatin C levels among survive vs. decreased patients (0.998 ± 0.225 vs. 1.328 ± 0.475 mg/dL, respectively; SMD = -2.14; 95%CI: -3.28 to -1.01; p < 0.001). Cystatin C levels in COVID-19 severe vs. non-severe groups varied and amounted to 1.485 ± 1.191 vs. 1.014 ± 0.601 mg/dL, respectively (SMD = 1.81; 95%CI: 1.29 to 2.32; p < 0.001). Additionally, pooled analysis showed that Cystatin C levels in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) was 1.562 ± 0.885 mg/dL, compared to 0.811 ± 0.108 mg/dL for patients without AKI (SMD = 4.56; 95%CI: 0.27 to 8.85; p = 0.04). Summing up, Cystatin C is a potentially very good marker to be used in the context of COVID-19 disease due to the prognosis of patients' serious condition, risk of AKI and mortality. In addition, Cystatin C could be used as a marker of renal complications in COVID-19 other than AKI due to the need to monitor patients even longer after leaving the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Matuszewski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yurii Reznikov
- European School of Medicine, International European University, 03187 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Michal Pruc
- Research Unit, Polish Society of Disaster Medicine, 05-806 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frank W. Peacock
- Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alla Navolokina
- European School of Medicine, International European University, 03187 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Raúl Júarez-Vela
- GRUPAC, Department in Nursing, University of La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Lukasz Jankowski
- Clinic of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zubaid Rafique
- Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lukasz Szarpak
- Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Kurochkin O, Murugesan YK, Bennett TP, D'Alessandro G, Reznikov Y, Tang BJ, Mehl GH, Kaczmarek M. Thermal optical non-linearity of nematic mesophase enhanced by gold nanoparticles--an experimental and numerical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11503-12. [PMID: 27063912 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work the mechanisms leading to the enhancement of optical nonlinearity of nematic liquid crystalline material through localized heating by doping the liquid crystals (LCs) with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are investigated. We present some experimental and theoretical results on the effect of voltage and nanoparticle concentration on the nonlinear response of GNP-LC suspensions. The optical nonlinearity of these systems is characterized by diffraction measurements and the second order nonlinear refractive index, n2, is used to compare systems with different configurations and operating conditions. A theoretical model based on heat diffusion that takes into account the intensity and finite size of the incident beam, the nanoparticle concentration dependent absorbance of GNP doped LC systems and the presence of bounding substrates is developed and validated. We use the model to discuss the possibilities of further enhancing the optical nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kurochkin
- Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Y K Murugesan
- School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - T P Bennett
- School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - G D'Alessandro
- School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Y Reznikov
- Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - B J Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - G H Mehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - M Kaczmarek
- School of Physics, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Lysenko D, Ouskova E, Ksondzyk S, Reshetnyak V, Cseh L, Mehl GH, Reznikov Y. Light-induced changes of the refractive indices in a colloid of gold nanoparticles in a nematic liquid crystal. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2012; 35:33. [PMID: 22592815 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that irradiation of a nematic liquid crystal doped with metal nanoparticles in the visible near the plasmon resonance band led to strong thermal changes of the refractive indices. The effect was studied by recording of dynamic optical gratings in the colloid. Nanoparticles "worked" as effective nano-heaters in a matrix causing the order parameter decrease around the particles. A large nonlinearity parameter (n (2) ≈ 10(-2) cm(2)/kW and fast response (≈ 0.7 ms), with no detectable particles' aggregation and excellent photo- thermo-stability make these colloids potentially attractive nonlinear optical media. Application of a dynamic holography technique allowed measuring the coefficients of thermal conductivity of the liquid crystal along the director k (||) = (0.4 ± 0.02) W m(-1)K(-1) and perpendicular to the director k (⊥) = (0.2 ± 0.01) W m(-1)K(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lysenko
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Pr. Nauki 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lucchetti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materialie della Terra and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM) , Università di Ancona , via Brecce Bianche, 60131 , Ancona , Italy
| | - F. Simoni
- a Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materialie della Terra and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM) , Università di Ancona , via Brecce Bianche, 60131 , Ancona , Italy
| | - Y. Reznikov
- b Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of Ukraine , Prospect Nauki 46, Kyiv , Ukraine
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West JL, Zhang K, Glushchenko A, Andrienko D, Tasinkevych M, Reznikov Y. Colloidal particles at a nematic-isotropic interface: effects of confinement. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2006; 20:237-42. [PMID: 16791459 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2006-10017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
When captured by a flat nematic-isotropic interface, colloidal particles can be dragged by it. As a result spatially periodic structures may appear, with the period depending on particle mass, size, and interface velocity (J.L. West, A. Glushchenko, G.X. Liao, Y. Reznikov, D. Andrienko, M.P. Allen, Phys. Rev. E 66, 012702 (2002)). If liquid crystal is sandwiched between two substrates, the interface takes a wedge-like shape, accommodating the interface-substrate contact angle and minimizing the director distortions on its nematic side. Correspondingly, particles move along complex trajectories: they are first captured by the interface and then "glide" towards its vertex point. Our experiments quantify this scenario, and numerical minimization of the Landau-de Gennes free energy allows for a qualitative description of the interfacial structure and the drag force.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L West
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, 44242, Kent, OH, USA
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Lucchetti L, Fedorenko D, Francescangeli O, Reznikov Y, Simoni F. Surface reorientation induced by short light pulses in doped liquid crystals. Opt Lett 2003; 28:1621-1623. [PMID: 13677515 DOI: 10.1364/ol.28.001621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fast surface reorientation induced by a single 4-ns low-energy laser pulse in dye-doped liquid crystals is reported. The reorientation is due to light-induced modification of the surface anisotropy, which affects the liquid crystal's director through the appearance of a preferred direction on the irradiated surface. The detected signals can be interpreted as being the result of light-induced desorption and adsorption of dye molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lucchetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Ingegneria dei Materiali and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica delle Materia, Università di Ancona, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Ouskova E, Reznikov Y, Shiyanovskii SV, Su L, West JL, Kuksenok OV, Francescangeli O, Simoni F. Photo-orientation of liquid crystals due to light-induced desorption and adsorption of dye molecules on an aligning surface. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:051709. [PMID: 11735947 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.051709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We show that adsorption of dye molecules control the light-induced alignment of dye-doped nematic liquid crystal (LC) on a nonphotosensitive polymer surface. The dependencies of light-induced twist structures on exposure, thermal baking, thickness, and aging before irradiation of the LC cells allowed us to propose the following mechanism for the alignment. Before irradiation, the "dark"-adsorbed layer on the tested surface is formed from dye molecules predominantly aligned along the initial direction of the director. Irradiation of the cell with linearly polarized light produces an additional layer with different orientational ordering of dye molecules. The final easy axis is determined by the competition of "dark" and light-induced contributions to anchoring and is aligned between the "dark" easy axes and polarization of the light. For quantitative interpretation, we apply the tensor model of anchoring and assume that the photoalignment in the mesophase is a cumulative effect of the light-induced anchoring on the background of the already existing anisotropic "dark" dye layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ouskova
- Institute of Physics, 46 Prospect Nauki, Kyiv, 03039, Ukraine
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8
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Ouskova E, Fedorenko D, Reznikov Y, Shiyanovskii SV, Su L, West JL, Kuksenok OV, Francescangeli O, Simoni F. Hidden photoalignment of liquid crystals in the isotropic phase. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 63:021701. [PMID: 11308504 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.021701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We found the effect of a hidden photoalignment of a dye-doped nematic liquid crystal (LC) on a nonphotosensitive polymer surface after polarized irradiation of the cell in the isotropic phase. We observed that irradiation resulted in a uniform planar orientation of the LC after cooling to the mesophase. The direction of a light-induced easy axis on the polymer can be either parallel or perpendicular to the polarization of the incident light, depending on the light intensity. We attribute this behavior to two mechanisms of photoalignment: light-induced adsorption of dye molecules on the substrate, and anisotropic desorption in a previously adsorbed dye layer. The experimental results on photoalignment of a LC on a thin dye film confirm our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ouskova
- Institute of Physics, 46 Prospect Nauki, Kyiv, 03039, Ukraine
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Andrienko D, Reshetnyak V, Reznikov Y, Sluckin TJ. Nematic director slippage: role of the angular momentum of light. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 63:011701. [PMID: 11304272 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.011701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We propose a theoretical model of the light-induced director slippage effect. In this effect the bulk director reorientation contributes to the surface director reorientation. It is found that the director and ellipticity profiles, obtained in the geometric optics approximation, are dependent on the ellipticity of the incident light wave. The director distribution is spatially modulated in linearly polarized light but grows monotonically in circularly polarized light. The surface director deviation has been examined, and comparison made with existing experimental data, which then permits the magnitude of the orientational nonlinearity coefficient to be calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Andrienko
- H.H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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Shiyanovskii SV, Glushchenko A, Reznikov Y, Lavrentovich OD, West JL. Tensor and complex anchoring in liquid crystals. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 62:R1477-R1480. [PMID: 11088707 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.r1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We propose a tensor description of surface anchoring of liquid crystals (LCs). The model allows one to consider both the homogeneous and inhomogeneous parts of LC anchoring and to calculate the cumulative effect of different treatments as a sum of corresponding tensors. For the planar alignment the tensor representation is reduced to the complex azimuthal anchoring coefficient, whose amplitude and phase determine, respectively, the strength of azimuthal anchoring and the azimuthal angle of the easy axis. We predict and experimentally confirm that two consecutive photoalignment treatments with beams of perpendicular polarizations can compensate each other and restore the initial anchoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- SV Shiyanovskii
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 and Institute for Nuclear Research, 47 Prospect Nauki, Kyiv, 03039, Ukraine
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11
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Zhang J, Ostroverkhov V, Singer KD, Reshetnyak V, Reznikov Y. Electrically controlled surface diffraction gratings in nematic liquid crystals. Opt Lett 2000; 25:414-416. [PMID: 18059897 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photorefractive diffraction gratings were studied in cells of homeotropically aligned pentyl-cyanobiphenyl liquid crystal. These holographic gratings were induced by the simultaneous and nonsimultaneous application of dc and coherent optical electric fields. The observed behavior was consistent with a predominantly surface-mediated photorefractive effect. Beam coupling was observed in all cases and led to a model involving screened and unscreened interfacial trapped charges driving a modulation of the easy axis. Holographic gratings could be switched on and off by the application of a small voltage.
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12
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Reznikov Y, Ostroverkhova O, Singer KD, Kim JH, Kumar S, Lavrentovich O, Wang B, West JL. Photoalignment of liquid crystals by liquid crystals. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84:1930-1933. [PMID: 11017663 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We observed light-induced alignment of the nematic liquid crystal, 4, 4(')-n-pentylcyanobiphenyl (5CB), on a fused quartz. Irradiation of the adsorbed layer with polarized ultraviolet light produced homogeneous alignment in a 5CB-filled liquid crystal cell with the easy orientation axis perpendicular to the polarization direction. The measured anchoring energy increases with illumination up to 10(-4) erg/cm (2). Phase retardation and pretilt measurements confirmed near homogeneous alignment of the LC in a cell, while the polarization dependence of second harmonic generation suggested a near normal alignment of the adsorbed layer. We believe that light-induced rearrangement or phototransformation of the adsorbed layer causes the observed phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Reznikov
- Institute of Physics of National Academy of Science, Prospect Nauki 46, Kyiv 252022, Ukraine
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Abstract
Light-induced director reorientation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals was recently reported to be an efficient method of writing permanent holographic gratings with high sensitivity [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1855 (1999)]. We report the achievement of stable director reorientation in the same materials by means of a single 4-ns pulse of the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser. Fast recording of high-resolution holographic gratings (more than 500 lines/mm) can be obtained with an energy density as low as 7x10(-3)J /cm(2) .
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Simoni F, Francescangeli O, Reznikov Y, Slussarenko S. Dye-doped liquid crystals as high-resolution recording media: errata. Opt Lett 1997; 22:937. [PMID: 18185712 DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In Ref. 1, the second sentence of the abstract should read as follows: "As compared with other methods that make use of these materials, we have achieved higher sensitivity with good spatial resolution."
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Simoni F, Francescangeli O, Reznikov Y, Slussarenko S. Dye-doped liquid crystals as high-resolution recording media. Opt Lett 1997; 22:549-551. [PMID: 18183263 DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced anchoring of the molecular director is reported to be an efficient method for writing permanent holographic gratings in dye-doped liquid crystals. We have achieved higher sensitivity and spatial resolution in these materials with other methods. An energy density as low as 10(-1) J/cm(2) was sufficient to write gratings with a resolution higher than 100 lines/mm.
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