Experimental Evidence of t_{2g} Electron-Gas Rashba Interaction Induced by Asymmetric Orbital Hybridization

We report the control of Rashba spin-orbit interaction by tuning asymmetric hybridization between Ti orbitals at the LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} interface. This asymmetric orbital hybridization is modulated by introducing a LaFeO_{3} layer between LaAlO_{3} and SrTiO_{3}, which alters the Ti-O lattice polarization and traps interfacial charge carriers, resulting in a large Rashba spin-orbit effect at the interface in the absence of an external bias. This observation is verified through high-resolution electron microscopy, magnetotransport and first-principles calculations. Our results open hitherto unexplored avenues of controlling Rashba interaction to design next-generation spin orbitronics.

Role of echocardiography in the assessment of adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease

Adolescent and adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) represent a special group of individuals. They often require regular assessment of their cardiac anatomy and functional hemodynamics. Most children with repaired CHD surviving to adulthood are either corrected or fully repaired and may not require long term follow-up. However, there are is a significant number of grown up children with residual abnormality or palliated defects, in whom full correction was not possible. Some of them are likely to present with complications and need repeated evaluation. Others may require improvement or stabilisation of their hemodynamics during stressful period like pregnancy or non-cardiac surgery. These conditions include single ventricle repair, repaired tetralogy, Mustard or Sennings operation for transposition of great arteries, aortic arch abnormalities, postatrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair, bicuspid aortic valve, Ebstein anomaly and unoperated congenital heart disease leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. The focus of this discussion will be mainly on this subset.