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Bhatti MA, Dawi E, Tahira A, Almani KF, Medany SS, Nafady A, Solangi ZA, Aftab U, Ibhupoto ZH. Highly Active Carbon Material Derived from Carica papaya Fruit Juice: Access to Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Solution under the Illumination of Ultraviolet Light. Catalysts 2023; 13:886. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13050886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a cost-effective, efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly pyrolytic method for the synthesis of highly active carbon materials from Carica papaya fruit juice for the photodegradation of various pollutants, such as methylene blue (MB), in aqueous solutions using ultraviolet (UV) light. Various analytical techniques were used to examine the morphology, crystal quality, functional group chemistry, particle size distribution, and optical properties of the materials. For evaluating the performance of the newly prepared carbon material, various photocatalyst parameters were investigated, including initial dye concentration, catalyst dose, pH of dye solution, cyclic stability, and scavenger studies. The obtained findings attest that the optimal degradation efficiency of carbon material for high MB concentrations (2.3 × 10−5 M) is around 98.08%, whereas at low concentrations of MB (1.5 × 10−5 M) it reaches 99.67%. Degradation kinetics indicate that MB degrades in a first-order manner. Importantly, as the pH of the dye solution was adjusted to ~11, the degradation rate increased significantly. The scavenger study indicated that hydroxyl radicals were the predominant species involved in the degradation of MB. In addition, active surface site exposure and charge transfer were strongly associated with efficient MB degradation. On the basis of its performance, this newly developed carbon material may prove to be an excellent alternative and promising photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the synthetic approach used to produce carbon material from Carica papaya fruit juice may prove useful for the development of a new generation of photoactive materials for environmentally friendly applications, as well as for the production of hydrogen from solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Bhatti
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Elmuez Dawi
- Nonlinear Dynamics Research Centre (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs 66020, Pakistan
| | - Khalida Faryal Almani
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Shymaa S. Medany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zulifqar Ali Solangi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Umair Aftab
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
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Shaikh B, Bhatti MA, Shah AA, Tahira A, Shah AK, Usto A, Aftab U, Bukhari SI, Alshehri S, Shah Bukhari SNU, Tonezzer M, Vigolo B, Ibhupoto ZH. Mn 3O 4@ZnO Hybrid Material: An Excellent Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Synthetic Dyes including Methylene Blue, Methyl Orange and Malachite Green. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3754. [PMID: 36364529 PMCID: PMC9657031 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized hybrid systems based on manganese oxide@zinc oxide (Mn3O4@ZnO), using sol gel and hydrothermal methods. The hybrid materials exhibited hierarchical morphologies and structures characterized by the hexagonal phase of ZnO and the tetragonal phase of Mn3O4. The hybrid materials were tested for degradation of methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and malachite green (MG) under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination. The aim of this work was to observe the effect of various amounts of Mn3O4 in enhancing the photocatalytic properties of ZnO-based hybrid structures towards the degradation of MB, MO and MG. The ZnO photocatalyst showed better performance with an increasing amount of Mn3O4, and the degradation efficiency for the hybrid material containing the maximum amount of Mn3O4 was found to be 94.59%, 89.99%, and 97.40% for MB, MO and MG, respectively. The improvement in the performance of hybrid materials can be attributed to the high charge separation rate of electron-hole pairs, the co-catalytic role, the large number of catalytic sites, and the synergy for the production of high quantities of oxidizing radicals. The performance obtained from the various Mn3O4@ZnO hybrid materials suggest that Mn3O4 can be considered an effective co-catalyst for a wide range of photocatalytic materials such as titanium dioxide, tin oxide, and carbon-based materials, in developing practical hybrid photocatalysts for the degradation of dyes and for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benazir Shaikh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Bhatti
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Ahmed Shah
- Wet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Karim Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Azam Usto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Umair Aftab
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 7680, Pakistan
| | - Sarah I. Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nizam Uddin Shah Bukhari
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, School of Material Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Matteo Tonezzer
- IMEM-CNR, Sede di Trento-FBK, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Brigitte Vigolo
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Bukhari SNUS, Shah AA, Bhatti MA, Tahira A, Channa IA, Shah AK, Chandio AD, Mahdi WA, Alshehri S, Ibhupoto ZH, Liu W. Psyllium-Husk-Assisted Synthesis of ZnO Microstructures with Improved Photocatalytic Properties for the Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB). Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12203568. [PMID: 36296761 PMCID: PMC9609820 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater from the textile industry is chronic and hazardous for the human body due to the presence of a variety of organic dyes; therefore, its complete treatment requires efficient, simple, and low cost technology. For this purpose, we grew ZnO microstructures in the presence of psyllium husk, and the role of psyllium husk was to modify the surface of the ZnO microstructures, create defects in the semiconducting crystal structures, and to alter the morphology of the nanostructured material. The growth process involved a hydrothermal method followed by calcination in air. Additionally, the psyllium husk, after thermal combustion, added a certain value of carbon into the ZnO nanomaterial, consequently enhancing the photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. We also investigated the effect of varying doses of photocatalyst on the photocatalytic properties towards the photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under the illumination of ultraviolet light. The structure and morphology of the prepared ZnO microstructures were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The degradation of methylene blue was monitored under the irradiation of ultraviolet light and in the dark. Also, the degradation of methylene blue was measured with and without photocatalyst. The photodegradation of methylene blue is highly increased using the ZnO sample prepared with psyllium husk. The photodegradation efficiency is found to be approximately 99.35% for this sample. The outperforming functionality of psyllium-husk-assisted ZnO sample is attributed to large surface area of carbon material from the psyllium husk and the synergetic effect between the incorporated carbon and ZnO itself. Based on the performance of the hybrid material, it is safe to say that psyllium husk has high potential for use where surface roughness, morphology alteration, and defects in the crystal structure are vital for the enhancing the functionality of a nanostructured material. The observed performance of ZnO in the presence of psyllium husk provides evidence for the fabrication of a low cost and efficient photocatalyst for the wastewater treatment problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nizam Uddin Shah Bukhari
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, School of Material Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Ahmed Shah
- Wet Chemistry and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Bhatti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed Channa
- Wet Chemistry and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Karim Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Ali Dad Chandio
- Wet Chemistry and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Wael A. Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaffar Hussain Ibhupoto
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Z.H.I.); (W.L.)
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.I.); (W.L.)
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