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Rahmat Z, Sohail MN, Perrine-Walker F, Kaiser BN. Balancing nitrate acquisition strategies in symbiotic legumes. Planta 2023; 258:12. [PMID: 37296318 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Legumes manage both symbiotic (indirect) and non-symbiotic (direct) nitrogen acquisition pathways. Understanding and optimising the direct pathway for nitrate uptake will support greater legume growth and seed yields. Legumes have multiple pathways to acquire reduced nitrogen to grow and set seed. Apart from the symbiotic N2-fixation pathway involving soil-borne rhizobia bacteria, the acquisition of nitrate and ammonia from the soil can also be an important secondary nitrogen source to meet plant N demand. The balance in N delivery between symbiotic N (indirect) and inorganic N uptake (direct) remains less clear over the growing cycle and with the type of legume under cultivation. In fertile, pH balanced agricultural soils, NO3- is often the predominant form of reduced N available to crop plants and will be a major contributor to whole plant N supply if provided at sufficient levels. The transport processes for NO3- uptake into legume root cells and its transport between root and shoot tissues involves both high and low-affinity transport systems called HATS and LATS, respectively. These proteins are regulated by external NO3- availability and by the N status of the cell. Other proteins also play a role in NO3- transport, including the voltage dependent chloride/nitrate channel family (CLC) and the S-type anion channels of the SLAC/SLAH family. CLC's are linked to NO3- transport across the tonoplast of vacuoles and the SLAC/SLAH's with NO3- efflux across the plasma membrane and out of the cell. An important step in managing the N requirements of a plant are the mechanisms involved in root N uptake and the subsequent cellular distribution within the plant. In this review, we will present the current knowledge of these proteins and what is understood on how they function in key model legumes (Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and Glycine sp.). The review will examine their regulation and role in N signalling, discuss how post-translational modification affects NO3- transport in roots and aerial tissues and its translocation to vegetative tissues and storage/remobilization in reproductive tissues. Lastly, we will present how NO3-influences the autoregulation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation and its role in mitigating salt and other abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Rahmat
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Muhammad N Sohail
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Francine Perrine-Walker
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia.
| | - Brent N Kaiser
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia.
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Schoonmaker AN, Hulse-Kemp AM, Youngblood RC, Rahmat Z, Atif Iqbal M, Rahman MU, Kochan KJ, Scheffler BE, Scheffler JA. Detecting Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci in Gossypium hirsutum and iCottonQTL a New R/Shiny App to Streamline Genetic Mapping. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1153. [PMID: 36904013 PMCID: PMC10005503 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) causes devastating losses to fiber production in Central Asia. Viral spread across Asia in the last decade is causing concern that the virus will spread further before resistant varieties can be bred. Current development depends on screening each generation under disease pressure in a country where the disease is endemic. We utilized quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in four crosses with different sources of resistance to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with the resistance trait to allow development of varieties without the need for field screening every generation. To assist in the analysis of multiple populations, a new publicly available R/Shiny App was developed to streamline genetic mapping using SNP arrays and to also provide an easy method to convert and deposit genetic data into the CottonGen database. Results identified several QTL from each cross, indicating possible multiple modes of resistance. Multiple sources of resistance would provide several genetic routes to combat the virus as it evolves over time. Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed and validated for a subset of QTL, which can be used in further development of CLCuV-resistant cotton lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Schoonmaker
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Amanda M. Hulse-Kemp
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ramey C. Youngblood
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Zainab Rahmat
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Breeding Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Muhammad Atif Iqbal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mehboob-ur Rahman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kelli J. Kochan
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brian E. Scheffler
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Jodi A. Scheffler
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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Islam Z, Mohanan P, Bilal W, Hashmi T, Rahmat Z, Abdi I, Riaz MMA, Essar MY. Dengue Virus Cases Surge Amidst COVID-19 in Pakistan: Challenges, Efforts and Recommendations. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:367-371. [PMID: 35140482 PMCID: PMC8819273 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s347571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pakistan is currently facing two outbreaks, dengue and COVID-19; both have strained its healthcare system resulting in multiple concerns including the co-diagnosis of two. Due to poor healthcare capacity, low vaccination rate, increasing COVID-19 variants, socioeconomic disparities, and misinformation, it is inevitable that implications will prove to be damaging to both healthcare workers and civilians. Among these challenges, it is important to note the need for stronger epidemiological surveillance for both COVID-19 and dengue and the implementation of public health measures without endangering sources of livelihood. To sustain this, cooperation between WHO and Pakistan’s government must continue through smart lockdowns, dengue awareness campaigns, and double laboratory procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarmina Islam
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Wajeeha Bilal
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Taleen Hashmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Rahmat
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ikran Abdi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohammad Yasir Essar
- Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Correspondence: Mohammad Yasir Essar, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan, Tel +992 117118300, Email
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Rahman MU, Khan AQ, Rahmat Z, Iqbal MA, Zafar Y. Genetics and Genomics of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease, Its Viral Causal Agents and Whitefly Vector: A Way Forward to Sustain Cotton Fiber Security. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1157. [PMID: 28725230 PMCID: PMC5495822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) after its first epidemic in 1912 in Nigeria, has spread to different cotton growing countries including United States, Pakistan, India, and China. The disease is of viral origin-transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which is difficult to control because of the prevalence of multiple virulent viral strains or related species. The problem is further complicated as the CLCuD causing virus complex has a higher recombination rate. The availability of alternate host crops like tomato, okra, etc., and practicing mixed type farming system have further exaggerated the situation by adding synergy to the evolution of new viral strains and vectors. Efforts to control this disease using host plant resistance remained successful using two gene based-resistance that was broken by the evolution of new resistance breaking strain called Burewala virus. Development of transgenic cotton using both pathogen and non-pathogenic derived approaches are in progress. In future, screening for new forms of host resistance, use of DNA markers for the rapid incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars overlaid with transgenics and using genome editing by CRISPR/Cas system would be instrumental in adding multiple layers of defense to control the disease-thus cotton fiber production will be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob-ur- Rahman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Q. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Rahmat
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Zafar
- Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad, Pakistan
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Samra ZQ, Shabir S, Rahmat Z, Zaman M, Nazir A, Dar N, Athar MA. Erratum to: Synthesis of Cholesterol-Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Purification of Human Paraoxonase 1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 181:1240. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rahmat Z, Irem S. Genomics: A Way Forward to Tackle Climatic Challenges. Pak J Biol Sci 2016; 19:312-314. [PMID: 29023033 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2016.312.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Rahmat
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samra Irem
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Suratman F, Huyop F, Wagiran A, Rahmat Z, Ghazali H, Parveez G. Cotyledon with Hypocotyl Segment as an Explant for the Production of Transgenic Citrullus vulgaris Schrad (Watermelon) Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2010.106.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Suratman F, Huyop F, Wagiran A, Rahmat Z, Ghazali H, Parveez G. Biolistic Transformation of Citrullus vulgaris Schrad (Watermelon). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2010.119.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Samra ZQ, Shabir S, Rahmat Z, Zaman M, Nazir A, Dar N, Athar MA. Synthesis of cholesterol-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for purification of human paraoxonase 1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:671-86. [PMID: 19902382 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is known as an antioxidant and is also involved in the detoxification of many compounds. In this study, a novel purification strategy was employed to purify the PON1 by using cholesterol-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and conjugated with cholesterol through diazotized p-aminohippuric acid. In Fourier transform infrared spectrum of cholesterol-p-aminohippuric acid-Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles, the appearance of peaks at 3,358.3, 1,645 cm(-1), and at 2,334.9 cm(-1) confirmed the conjugation. The molecular weight of purified PON1 was nearly 45 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and isoelectric point was 5.3. The specific activity was 438 U mg(-1) protein, and the purification fold was 515 with 73% yield. The K (m) values were 1.3 and 0.74 mM with paraoxon and phenyl acetate, respectively. Western blot of 2D-PAGE confirmed the homogeneity and stability of the enzyme. Mg(+2), Mn(+2), glycerol, (NH(4))(2)SO(4), PEG 6000, Triton X-100, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride did not show any effect on activity. Pb(+2), Co(+2), Zn(2+), ethanol, beta-mercaptoethanol, and acetone reduced the activity while Ni(2+), Cd(2+), Cu(2+), iodoacetic acid, SDS, dimethylformamide, DMSO inhibited the activity. In vitro enzyme activity was slightly reduced by acetyl salicylic and acetaminophen and reduced 50% with amino glycosides and ampicillin antibiotics at concentrations of 0.6 and 30 mg ml(-1), respectively. This is the first report for the synthesis of cholesterol-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for simple purification of PON1 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Qadir Samra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan.
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