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Harpel Z, Chang WJ, Circelli J, Chen R, Chang I, Rivera J, Wu S, Wei R. Effects of six pyrimidine analogs on the growth of Tetrahymena thermophila and their implications in pyrimidine metabolism. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284309. [PMID: 37708236 PMCID: PMC10501602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahymena are ciliated protists that have been used to study the effects of toxic chemicals, including anticancer drugs. In this study, we tested the inhibitory effects of six pyrimidine analogs (5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorouridine, gemcitabine, and cytarabine) on wild-type CU428 and conditional mutant NP1 Tetrahymena thermophila at room temperature and the restrictive temperature (37°C) where NP1 does not form the oral apparatus. We found that phagocytosis was not required for pyrimidine analog entry and that all tested pyrimidine analogs inhibited growth except for cytarabine. IC50 values did not significantly differ between CU428 and NP1 for the same analog at either room temperature or 37°C. To investigate the mechanism of inhibition, we used two pyrimidine bases (uracil and thymine) and three nucleosides (uridine, thymidine, and 5-methyluridine) to determine whether the inhibitory effects from the pyrimidine analogs were reversible. We found that the inhibitory effects from 5-fluorouracil could be reversed by uracil and thymine, from floxuridine could be reversed by thymidine, and from 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine could be reversed by uracil. None of the tested nucleobases or nucleosides could reverse the inhibitory effects of gemcitabine or 5-fluorouridine. Our results suggest that the five pyrimidine analogs act on different sites to inhibit T. thermophila growth and that nucleobases and nucleosides are metabolized differently in Tetrahymena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zander Harpel
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, United States of America
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, United States of America
| | - Jacob Circelli
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, United States of America
| | - Richard Chen
- College of Literature, Science, and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Ian Chang
- Clinton Senior High School, Clinton, NY, United States of America
| | - Jason Rivera
- Clinton Senior High School, Clinton, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Wu
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, United States of America
| | - RongHan Wei
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Silvestro M, Rivera CF, Alebrahim D, Vlahos J, Pratama MY, Lu C, Tang C, Harpel Z, Sleiman Tellaoui R, Zias AL, Maldonado DJ, Byrd D, Attur M, Mignatti P, Ramkhelawon B. The Nonproteolytic Intracellular Domain of Membrane-Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Coordinately Modulates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Atherosclerosis in Mice-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1244-1253. [PMID: 36073351 PMCID: PMC9993845 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-14) is a transmembrane-anchored protein with an extracellular proteinase domain and a cytoplasmic tail devoid of proteolytic functions but capable of mediating intracellular signaling that regulates tissue homeostasis. MT1-MMP extracellular proteolytic activity has been shown to regulate pathological remodeling in aortic aneurysm and atherosclerosis. However, the role of the nonproteolytic intracellular domain of MT1-MMP in vascular remodeling in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is unknown. METHODS We generated a mutant mouse that harbors a point mutation (Y573D) in the MT1-MMP cytoplasmic domain that abrogates the MT1-MMP signaling function without affecting its proteolytic activity. These mice and their control wild-type littermates were subjected to experimental AAA modeled by angiotensin II infusion combined with PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) overexpression and high-cholesterol feeding. RESULTS The mutant mice developed more severe AAA than the control mice, with concomitant generation of intraaneurysmal atherosclerotic lesions and dramatically increased macrophage infiltration and elastin degradation. Aortic lesion-associated and bone marrow-derived macrophages from the mutant mice exhibited an enhanced inflammatory state and expressed elevated levels of proinflammatory Netrin-1, a protein previously demonstrated to promote both atherosclerosis and AAA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the cytoplasmic domain of MT1-MMP safeguards from AAA and atherosclerotic plaque development through a proteolysis-independent signaling mechanism associated with Netrin-1 expression. This unexpected function of MT1-MMP unveils a novel mechanism of synchronous onset of AAA and atherogenesis and highlights its importance in the control of vascular wall homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Silvestro
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Cristobal F Rivera
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Dornazsadat Alebrahim
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - John Vlahos
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Muhammad Yogi Pratama
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Cuijie Lu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.).,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (C.L., M.A., P.M.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York
| | - Claudia Tang
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Zander Harpel
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Rayan Sleiman Tellaoui
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Ariadne L Zias
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Delphina J Maldonado
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Devon Byrd
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.)
| | - Mukundan Attur
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (C.L., M.A., P.M.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York
| | - Paolo Mignatti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (C.L., M.A., P.M.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York.,Department of Cell Biology (P.M., B.R.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (M.S., C.F.R., D.A., J.V., M.Y.P., C.T., Z.H., R.S.T., A.L.Z., D.J.M., D.B., B.R.).,Department of Cell Biology (P.M., B.R.), New York University Langone Medical Center, New York
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