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Song ZK, Zhao L, Liu DS, Zhao LN, Peng QB, Li ZY, Wu JY, Chen SK, Huang FZ, Chen X, Lin TX, Guan L, Meng WP, Guo JW, Su YN, He XX, Liang SJ, Zhu P, Zheng SY, Du SL, Liu X. Macrophage KLF15 prevents foam cell formation and atherosclerosis via transcriptional suppression of OLR-1. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 186:57-70. [PMID: 37984156 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage-derived foam cells are a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Scavenger receptors, including lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (OLR-1), are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake and modification of LDL, facilitating macrophage lipid load and the uptake of oxidized LDL by arterial wall cells. Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes by binding to the promoter during transcription. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the precise role of macrophage KLF15 in atherogenesis. METHODS We used two murine models of atherosclerosis: mice injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding the Asp374-to-Tyr mutant version of human PCSK9, followed by 12 weeks on a high-fat diet (HFD), and ApoE-/-- mice on a HFD. We subsequently injected mice with AAV-KLF15 and AAV-LacZ to assess the role of KLF15 in the development of atherosclerosis in vivo. Oil Red O, H&E, and Masson's trichome staining were used to evaluate atherosclerotic lesions. Western blots and RT-qPCR were used to assess protein and mRNA levels, respectively. RESULTS We determined that KLF15 expression was downregulated during atherosclerosis formation, and KLF15 overexpression prevented atherosclerosis progression. KLF15 expression levels did not affect body weight or serum lipid levels in mice. However, KLF15 overexpression in macrophages prevented foam cell formation by reducing OLR-1-meditated lipid uptake. KLF15 directly targeted and transcriptionally downregulated OLR-1 levels. Restoration of OLR-1 reversed the beneficial effects of KLF15 in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION Macrophage KLF15 transcriptionally downregulated OLR-1 expression to reduce lipid uptake, thereby preventing foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Thus, our results suggest that KLF15 is a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Kun Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - De-Shen Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ling-Na Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin-Bao Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zi-Yao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Jia-Yong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Si-Kai Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fang-Ze Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei-Peng Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia-Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yue-Nian Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Xia He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Si-Jia Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shao-Yi Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Song-Lin Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Cohen MJ, Song ZK, Schandler SL, Ho WH, Vulpe M. Sensory detection and pain thresholds in spinal cord injury patients with and without dysesthetic pain, and in chronic low back pain patients. Somatosens Mot Res 1996; 13:29-37. [PMID: 8725646 DOI: 10.3109/08990229609028909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in dysesthetic pain syndrome (DPS) in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients, four groups of 13 subjects each--SCI subjects with DPS, SCI subjects without pain, chronic low back pain subjects, and control subjects--were examined for sensory detection and pain thresholds at forearm, neck, and rostral trunk areas. Results indicated that the SCI pain group had significantly lower pain thresholds at all skin sites, compared to the SCI no-pain and chronic low back pain groups, and at the rostral trunk skin site, compared to the control group. The SCI pain group also showed a lower sensory detection threshold at the rostral trunk skin site than did the SCI no-pain group. Equally important, the SCI no-pain group had detection and pain thresholds significantly higher than those of the control group. The results suggest fundamental differences in somatosensory processing when DPS is or is not a consequence of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cohen
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California 90822, USA. Cohen.Michael@Long-Beach. VA.Gov
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Song ZK, Cohen MJ, Ament PA, Ho WH, Vulpe M, Schandler SL. Two-point discrimination thresholds in spinal cord injured patients with dysesthetic pain. Paraplegia 1993; 31:425-93. [PMID: 8414631 DOI: 10.1038/sc.1993.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We questioned whether deafferentation following SCI would result in an increase in somatic sensitivity possibly due to cortical reorganization. Dysesthetic pain syndrome (DPS) below the level of a spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common complication. We hypothesized that DPS patients would show increased cortical reorganization because of high levels of sensory stimulation following injury. Sixteen dysesthetic pain SCI patients, 15 SCI patients without pain, and 16 control subjects were examined for two-point discrimination thresholds (2PDT) of the forearm, neck, and spine. The SCI pain group had significantly smaller 2PDTs than either SCI no pain or control groups, particularly over the neck and spine. The SCI pain group had a significant inverse correlation between perceived degree of pain (visual analogue scale) and 2PDT in the spinal skin area. The findings indicate that SCI patients with severe DPS have a higher sensitivity to somatosensory stimuli, particularly in skin areas with projections to primary somatosensory cortex areas adjacent to the deafferentated region. The increase in 2PDT may be due to an increase in the size of the somatosensory cortical areas allotted to the corresponding skin areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Song
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
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