Membrane crystals of plant light-harvesting complex II disassemble reversibly in light

Using the mass-measuring capability of scanning transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that membrane crystals of the main light-harvesting complex of plants possess the ability to undergo light-induced dark-reversible disassociations, independently of the photochemical apparatus. This is the first direct visualization of light-driven reversible reorganizations in an isolated photosynthetic antenna. These reorganizations, identified earlier by circular dichroism (CD), can be accounted for by a biological thermo-optic transition: structural changes are induced by fast heat transients and thermal instabilities near the dissipation, and self-association of the complexes in the lipid matrix. A comparable process in native membranes is indicated by earlier findings of essentially identical kinetics, and intensity and temperature dependences of the ΔCD in granal thylakoids.

Anisotropic circular dichroism signatures of oriented thylakoid membranes and lamellar aggregates of LHCII

In photosynthesis research, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is an indispensable tool to probe molecular architecture at virtually all levels of structural complexity. At the molecular level, the chirality of the molecule results in intrinsic CD; pigment-pigment interactions in protein complexes and small aggregates can give rise to excitonic CD bands, while "psi-type" CD signals originate from large, densely packed chiral aggregates. It has been well established that anisotropic CD (ACD), measured on samples with defined non-random orientation relative to the propagation of the measuring beam, carries specific information on the architecture of molecules or molecular macroassemblies. However, ACD is usually combined with linear dichroism and can be distorted by instrumental imperfections, which given the strong anisotropic nature of photosynthetic membranes and complexes, might be the reason why ACD is rarely studied in photosynthesis research. In this study, we present ACD spectra, corrected for linear dichroism, of isolated intact thylakoid membranes of granal chloroplasts, washed unstacked thylakoid membranes, photosystem II (PSII) membranes (BBY particles), grana patches, and tightly stacked lamellar macroaggregates of the main light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII). We show that the ACD spectra of face- and edge-aligned stacked thylakoid membranes and LHCII lamellae exhibit profound differences in their psi-type CD bands. Marked differences are also seen in the excitonic CD of BBY and washed thylakoid membranes. Magnetic CD (MCD) spectra on random and aligned samples, and the largely invariable nature of the MCD spectra, despite dramatic variations in the measured isotropic and anisotropic CD, testify that ACD can be measured without substantial distortions and thus employed to extract detailed information on the (supra)molecular organization of photosynthetic complexes. An example is provided showing the ability of CD data to indicate such an organization, leading to the discovery of a novel crystalline structure in macroaggregates of LHCII.

Increased thermostability of thylakoid membranes in isoprene-emitting leaves probed with three biophysical techniques

Three biophysical approaches were used to get insight into increased thermostability of thylakoid membranes in isoprene-emittingplants.Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants genetically modified to make isoprene and Platanus orientalis leaves, in which isoprene emission was chemically inhibited, were used. First, in the circular dichroism spectrum the transition temperature of the main band at 694 nm was higher in the presence of isoprene, indicating that the heat stability of chiral macrodomains of chloroplast membranes, and specifically the stability of ordered arrays of light-harvesting complex II-photosystem II in the stacked region of the thylakoid grana, was improved in the presence of isoprene. Second, the decay of electrochromic absorbance changes resulting from the electric field component of the proton motive force (ΔA₅₁₅) was evaluated following single-turnover saturating flashes. The decay of ΔA₅₁₅ was faster in the absence of isoprene when leaves of Arabidopsis and Platanus were exposed to high temperature, indicating that isoprene protects the thylakoid membranes against leakiness at elevated temperature. Finally, thermoluminescence measurements revealed that S₂Q(B)⁻ charge recombination was shifted to higher temperature in Arabidopsis and Platanus plants in the presence of isoprene, indicating higher activation energy for S₂Q(B)⁻ redox pair, which enables isoprene-emitting plants to perform efficient primary photochemistry of photosystem II even at higher temperatures. The data provide biophysical evidence that isoprene improves the integrity and functionality of the thylakoid membranes at high temperature. These results contribute to our understanding of isoprene mechanism of action in plant protection against environmental stresses.

Functional domain size in aggregates of light-harvesting complex II and thylakoid membranes

The functional domain size for efficient excited singlet state quenching was studied in artificial aggregates of the main light-harvesting complex II (LHCIIb) from spinach and in native thylakoid membranes by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and quantum yield measurements. The domain size was estimated from the efficiency of added exogenous singlet excitation quenchers-phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PPQ) and dinitrobenzene (DNB). The mean fluorescence lifetimes τ(av) were quantified for a range of quencher concentrations. Applying the Stern-Volmer formalism, apparent quenching rate constants k(q) were determined from the dependencies on quencher concentration of the ratio τ(0)(av)/τ(av), where τ(0)(av) is the average fluorescence lifetime of the sample without addition of an exogenous quencher. The functional domain size was gathered from the ratio k(q)'/k(q), i.e., the apparent quenching rate constants determined in aggregates (or membranes), k(q)', and in detergent-solubilised LHCII trimers, k(q), respectively. In LHCII macroaggregates, the resulting values for the domain size were 15-30 LHCII trimers. In native thylakoid membranes the domain size was equivalent to 12-24 LHCII trimers, corresponding to 500-1000 chlorophylls. Virtually the same results were obtained when membranes were suspended in buffers promoting either membrane stacking or destacking. These domain sizes are orders of magnitude smaller than the number of physically connected pigment-protein complexes. Therefore our results imply that the physical size of an antenna system beyond the numbers of a functional domain size has little or no effect on improving the light-harvesting efficiency.

Isolation and characterization of lamellar aggregates of LHCII and LHCII-lipid macro-assemblies with light-inducible structural transitions

We describe the method of isolation of loosely stacked lamellar aggregates of LHCII that are capable of undergoing light-induced reversible structural changes, similar to those in granal thylakoid membranes (LHCII, the main chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting antenna complex of photosystem II). This unexpected structural flexibility of the antenna complexes depends largely on the lipid content that is retained during the isolation. As revealed by circular dichroism, in lipid-LHCII aggregates, the pigment-pigment interactions are very similar to those in the thylakoid membranes, while they differ significantly from those in solubilized trimers. The essence of the procedure is to adjust--for the plant material used--the proper conditions of detergent solubilization and purification that are mild enough for the associated lipids but provide sufficient purity. Microcrystals and most other LHCII preparations, which are more delipidated, are not capable of similar changes. The light-induced structural reorganizations can be enhanced by the addition of different thylakoid lipids, which--depending on the lipid species--also lead to the transformation of the lamellar structure. The preparation of different LHCII-lipid macro-assemblies is also described. Both in structurally flexible LHCII preparations and in thylakoids, the changes originate from a thermo-optic effect: fast local thermal transients, T-jumps, due to the dissipation of the (excess) excitation energy, which lead to elementary structural transitions in the close vicinity of the dissipating centers. This can occur because thylakoids and structurally flexible LHCII assemblies, but, e.g., not the microcrystals, exhibit a thermal instability below the denaturation temperature, and thus (local) heating leads to reorganizations without the loss of the molecular architecture of the constituents. We also list the main biochemical and biophysical techniques that can be used for testing the structural flexibility of LHCII, and discuss the potential physiological significance of the structural changes in light adaptation and photoprotection of plants.

Effect of phosphorylation on the thermal and light stability of the thylakoid membranes

Higher plant thylakoid membranes contain a protein kinase that phosphorylates certain threonine residues of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), the main light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II (PSII) and some other phosphoproteins (Allen, Biochim Biophys Acta 1098:275, 1992). While it has been established that phosphorylation induces a conformational change of LHCII and also brings about changes in the lateral organization of the thylakoid membrane, it is not clear how phosphorylation affects the dynamic architecture of the thylakoid membranes. In order to contribute to the elucidation of this complex question, we have investigated the effect of duroquinol-induced phosphorylation on the membrane ultrastructure and the thermal and light stability of the chiral macrodomains and of the trimeric organization of LHCII. As shown by small angle neutron scattering on thylakoid membranes, duroquinol treatment induced a moderate (~10%) increase in the repeat distance of stroma membranes, and phosphorylation caused an additional loss of the scattering intensity, which is probably associated with the partial unstacking of the granum membranes. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements also revealed only minor changes in the chiral macro-organization of the complexes and in the oligomerization state of LHCII. However, temperature dependences of characteristic CD bands showed that phosphorylation significantly decreased the thermal stability of the chiral macrodomains in phosphorylated compared to the non-phosphorylated samples (in leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes, from 48.3 degrees C to 42.6 degrees C and from 47.5 degrees C to 44.3 degrees C, respectively). As shown by non-denaturing PAGE of thylakoid membranes and CD spectroscopy on EDTA washed membranes, phosphorylation decreased by about 5 degrees C, the trimer-to-monomer transition temperature of LHCII. It also enhanced the light-induced disassembly of the chiral macrodomains and the monomerization of the LHCII trimers at 25 degrees C. These data strongly suggest that phosphorylation of the membranes considerably facilitates the heat- and light-inducible reorganizations in the thylakoid membranes and thus enhances the structural flexibility of the membrane architecture.

Importance of trimer-trimer interactions for the native state of the plant light-harvesting complex II

Aggregates and solubilized trimers of LHCII were characterized by circular dichroism (CD), linear dichroism and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and compared with thylakoid membranes in order to evaluate the native state of LHCII in vivo. It was found that the CD spectra of lamellar aggregates closely resemble those of unstacked thylakoid membranes whereas the spectra of trimers solubilized in n-dodecyl-beta,D-maltoside, n-octyl-beta,D-glucopyranoside, or Triton X-100 were drastically different in the Soret region. Thylakoid membranes or LHCII aggregates solubilized with detergent exhibited CD spectra similar to the isolated trimers. Solubilization of LHCII was accompanied by profound changes in the linear dichroism and increase in fluorescence lifetime. These data support the notion that lamellar aggregates of LHCII retain the native organization of LHCII in the thylakoid membranes. The results indicate that the supramolecular organization of LHCII, most likely due to specific trimer-trimer contacts, has significant impact on the pigment interactions in the complexes.

Thermo-optically induced reorganizations in the main light harvesting antenna of plants. II. Indications for the role of LHCII-only macrodomains in thylakoids

We have investigated the circular dichroism spectral transients associated with the light-induced reversible reorganizations in chirally organized macrodomains of pea thylakoid membranes and loosely stacked lamellar aggregates of the main chlorophyll a/b light harvesting complexes (LHCII) isolated from the same membranes. These reorganizations have earlier been assigned to originate from a thermo-optic effect. According to the thermo-optic mechanism, fast local thermal transients due to dissipation of the excess excitation energy induce elementary structural changes in the close vicinity of the dissipation [Cseh et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39: 15250-15257]. Here we show that despite the markedly different CD spectra in the dark, the transient (light-minus-dark) CD spectra associated with the structural changes induced by high light in thylakoids and LHCII are virtually indistinguishable. This, together with other close similarities between the two systems, strongly suggests that the gross short-term, thermo-optically induced structural reorganizations in the membranes occur mainly, albeit probably not exclusively, in the LHCII-only domains [Boekema et al. (2000) J Mol Biol 301: 1123-1133]. Hence, LHCII-only domains might play an important role in light adaptation and photoprotection of plants.

Protective effect of supplemental low intensity white light on ultraviolet-B exposure-induced impairment in cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis: formation of air vacuoles as a possible protective measure

Intact trichomes of Spirulina platensis were exposed to 1-5 h of low (0.2 mW cm(-2)) or high (0.6 mW cm(-2)) intensity UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation, alone or with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of supplemental 50 muE m(-2) s(-1) white light (WL). The mitigating effect of supplemental WL on UV-B induced alterations in Spirulina were investigated by monitoring time-dependent change in photosystem (PS) II mediated O(2) evolution, absorption, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, and ultrastructure. At low intensity, UV-B induced loss in PS II-catalyzed O(2) evolution, but caused no change in the absorption spectrum. At high intensity, UV-B caused a decrease in absorption by phycobilisomes (PBsomes), which was only partly prevented by the presence of low-intensity supplemental WL. The CD spectral analysis revealed that UV-B exposure caused time-dependent enhancement of the negative psi-type bands at 452 and 689 nm, reflecting alterations in the macroaggregation of chlorophyll-protein complexes. This enhancement of negative PS II-type bands was substantially arrested by the presence of supplemental WL exposure, even when UV-B exposure was continued for 5 h. These changes in UV-B-induced CD spectrum suggest alterations in the antenna structure of Spirulina involving both PBsomes and Chlorophyll a. Thus, supplemental low intensity WL arrests, to large extent, the macroaggregation of pigment-protein complexes. Furthermore, the electron micrographs of Spirulina revealed that UV-B exposure caused disorganization of the cellular ultrastructure, while the inclusion of supplemental WL enhanced the formation of air vacuoles in Spirulina. We suggest that the formation of vacuoles by supplemental WL is a protective feature against UV-B.

Resonance Raman spectroscopy of xanthophylls in pigment mutant thylakoid membranes of pea

Low-temperature resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to study the changes in the molecular structure and configuration of the major xanthophylls in thylakoid membranes isolated from mutants of pea with modified pigment content and altered structural organization of their pigment-protein complexes. The Raman spectra contained four known groups of bands, nu(1)-nu(4), which could be assigned to originate mainly from the long wavelength absorbing lutein and neoxanthin upon 514.5 nm and at 488 nm excitations, respectively. The overall configuration of these bound xanthophyll molecules in the mutants appeared to be similar to the wild type, and the configuration in the wild type was almost identical with that in the isolated main chlorophyll a/b light harvesting protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII). Significant differences were found mainly in the region of nu(4) (around 960 cm(-1)), which suggest that the macroorganization of PS II-LHCII supercomplexes and/or of the LHCII-only domains are modified in the mutants compared to the wild type.

Isolation and characterization of lamellar aggregates of LHCII and LHCII-lipid macro-assemblies with light-inducible structural transitions

In this chapter we describe isolation of loosely stacked lamellar aggregates of LHCII that are capable of undergoing light-induced reversible structural changes, similar to those in granal thylakoid membranes (LHCII, the main chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting antenna complex of photosystem II). This unexpected structural flexibility of the antenna complexes depends largely on the lipid content retained during the isolation. The essence of the procedure is to adjust-for the plant material used-the proper conditions of detergent solubilization and purification mild enough for the associated lipids but also provide sufficient purity. Microcrystals and most other LHCII preparations, which are more delipidated, are not capable of similar changes. The light-induced structural reorganizations can be enhanced by the addition of different thylakoid lipids, which depending on the lipid species, also lead to the transformation of the lamellar structure. The preparation of different LHCII-lipid macro-assemblies is also described. In structurally flexible LHCII preparations and in thylakoids, the changes originate from a thermo-optic effect: fast local thermal transients, T-jumps, resulting from dissipation of the (excess) excitation energy that lead to elementary structural transitions in the vicinity of the dissipating centers. This can occur because thylakoids and structurally flexible LHCII assemblies but, for example, not the microcrystals, exhibit a thermal instability below the denaturation temperature, and thus (local) heating lead to reorganizations without the loss of the molecular architecture of the constituents. We also list the main biochemical and biophysical techniques that can be used for testing the structural flexibility of LHCII, and discuss the potential physiological significance of the structural changes in light adaptation and photoprotection of plants.

Structural Rearrangements in Chloroplast Thylakoid Membranes Revealed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Thermo-optic Effect†

The thermo-optic mechanism in thylakoid membranes was earlier identified by measuring the thermal and light stabilities of pigment arrays with different levels of structural complexity [Cseh, Z., et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 15250-15257]. (According to the thermo-optic mechanism, fast local thermal transients, arising from the dissipation of excess, photosynthetically not used, excitation energy, induce elementary structural changes due to the "built-in" thermal instabilities of the given structural units.) The same mechanism was found to be responsible for the light-induced trimer-to-monomer transition in LHCII, the main chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting antenna of photosystem II (PSII) [Garab, G., et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 15121-15129]. In this paper, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy on thylakoid membranes of barley and pea are used to correlate the thermo-optically inducible structural changes with well-discernible calorimetric transitions. The thylakoid membranes exhibited six major DSC bands, with maxima between about 43 and 87 degrees C. The heat sorption curves were analyzed both by mathematical deconvolution of the overall endotherm and by a successive annealing procedure; these yielded similar thermodynamic parameters, transition temperature and calorimetric enthalpy. A systematic comparison of the DSC and CD data on samples with different levels of complexity revealed that the heat-induced disassembly of chirally organized macrodomains contributes profoundly to the first endothermic event, a weak and broad DSC band between 43 and 48 degrees C. Similarly to the main macrodomain-associated CD signals, this low enthalpy band could be diminished by prolonged photoinhibitory preillumination, the extent of which depended on the temperature of preillumination. By means of nondenaturing, "green" gel electrophoresis and CD fingerprinting, it is shown that the second main endotherm, around 60 degrees C, originates to a large extent from the monomerization of LHCII trimers. The main DSC band, around 70 degrees C, which exhibits the highest enthalpy change, and another band around 75-77 degrees C relate to the dismantling of LHCII and other pigment-protein complexes, which under physiologically relevant conditions cannot be induced by light. The currently available data suggest the following sequence of events of thermo-optically inducible changes: (i) unstacking of membranes, followed by (ii) lateral disassembly of the chiral macrodomains and (iii) monomerization of LHCII trimers. We propose that thermo-optical structural reorganizations provide a structural flexibility, which is proportional to the intensity of the excess excitation, while for their localized nature, the structural stability of the system can be retained.

Light-induced trimer to monomer transition in the main light-harvesting antenna complex of plants: thermo-optic mechanism

The main chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex of photosystem II, LHCIIb, has earlier been shown to be capable of undergoing light-induced reversible structural changes and chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching in a way resembling those observed in granal thylakoids when exposed to excess light [Barzda, V., et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 8981-8985]. The nature and mechanism of this unexpected structural flexibility has not been elucidated. In this work, by using density gradient centrifugation and nondenaturing green gel electrophoresis, as well as absorbance and circular dichroic spectroscopy, we show that light induces a significant degree of monomerization, which is in contrast with the preferentially trimeric organization of the isolated complexes in the dark. Monomerization is accompanied by a reversible release of Mg ions, most likely from the outer loop of the complexes. These data, as well as the built-in thermal and light instability of the trimeric organization, are explained in terms of a simple theoretical model of thermo-optic mechanism, effect of fast thermal transients (local T-jumps) due to dissipated photon energies in the vicinity of the cation binding sites, which lead to thermally assisted elementary structural transitions. Disruption of trimers to monomers by excess light is not confined to isolated trimers and lamellar aggregates of LHCII but occurs in photosystem II-enriched grana membranes, intact thylakoid membranes, and whole plants. As indicated by differences in the quenching capability of trimers and monomers, the appearance of monomers could facilitate the nonphotochemical quenching of the singlet excited state of chlorophyll a. The light-induced formation of monomers may also be important in regulated proteolytic degradation of the complexes. Structural changes driven by thermo-optic mechanisms may therefore provide plants with a novel mechanism for regulation of light harvesting in excess light.

Phosphatidylglycerol requirement for the function of electron acceptor plastoquinone Q(B) in the photosystem II reaction center

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), a ubiquitous constituent of thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, is demonstrated to be essential for the functionality of plastoquinone electron acceptor Q(B) in the photosystem II reaction center of oxygenic photosynthesis. Growth of the pgsA mutant cells of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 that are defective in phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase and are incapable of synthesizing PG, in a medium without PG, resulted in a 90% decrease in PG content and a 50% loss of photosynthetic oxygen-evolving activity as reported [Hagio, M., Gombos, Z., Várkonyi, Z., Masamoto, K., Sato, N., Tsuzuki, M., and Wada, H. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124, 795-804]. We have studied each step of the electron transport in photosystem II of the pgsA mutant to clarify the functional site of PG. Accumulation of Q(A)(-) was indicated by the fast rise of chlorophyll fluorescence yield under continuous and flash illumination. Oxidation of Q(A)(-) by Q(B) plastoquinone was shown to become slow, and Q(A)(-) reoxidation required a few seconds when measured by double flash fluorescence measurements. Thermoluminescence measurements further indicated the accumulation of the S(2)Q(A)(-) state but not of the S(2)Q(B)(-) state following the PG deprivation. These results suggest that the function of Q(B) plastoquinone was inactivated by the PG deprivation. We assume that PG is an indispensable component of the photosystem II reaction center complex to maintain the structural integrity of the Q(B)-binding site. These findings provide the first clear identification of a specific functional site of PG in the photosynthetic reaction center.

Low-temperature-induced accumulation of xanthophylls and its structural consequences in the photosynthetic membranes of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: an FTIR spectroscopic study

The effects of the growth temperature on the lipids and carotenoids of a filamentous cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, were studied., The relative amounts of polyunsaturated glycerolipids and myxoxanthophylls in the thylakoid membranes increased markedly when this cyanobacterium was grown at 25 degrees C instead of 35 degrees C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the low-temperature-induced structural alterations in the thylakoid membranes. Despite the higher amount of unsaturated lipids there, conventional analysis of the v(sym)CH(2) band (characteristic of the lipid disorder) revealed more tightly arranged fatty-acyl chains for the thylakoids in the cells grown at 25 degrees C as compared with those grown at 35 degrees C. This apparent controversy was resolved by a two-component analysis of the v(sym)CH(2) band, which demonstrated very rigid, myxoxanthophyll-related lipids in the thylakoid membranes. When this rigid component was excluded from the analysis of the thermotropic responses of the v(sym)CH(2) bands, the expected higher fatty-acyl disorder was observed for the thylakoids prepared from cells grown at 25 degrees C as compared with those grown at 35 degrees C. Both the carotenoid composition and this rigid component in the thylakoid membranes were only growth temperature-dependent; the intensity of the illuminating light during cultivation had no apparent effect on these parameters. We propose that, besides their well-known protective functions, the polar carotenoids in particular may have structural effects on the thylakoid membranes. These effects should be exerted locally--by forming protective patches, in-membrane barriers of low dynamics--to prevent the access of reactive radicals generated in either enzymatic or photosynthetic processes to sensitive spots of the membranes.

The tolerance of cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii to low-temperature photo-inhibition affected by the induction of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis

Acyl-lipid desaturation introduces double bonds (unsaturated bonds) at specifically defined positions of fatty acids that are esterified to the glycerol backbone of membrane glycerolipids. Desaturation patterns of the glycerolipids of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a filamentous cyanobacterium, were determined in cells grown at 35 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The lowering of the growth temperature from 35 degrees C to 25 degrees C resulted in a considerable accumulation of polyunsaturated octadecanoic fatty acids in all lipid classes. The tolerance to low-temperature photo-inhibition of the C. raciborskii cells grown at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C was also compared. The lower growth temperature increased the tolerance of C. raciborskii cells. These results strengthen the importance of polyunsaturated glycerolipids in the tolerance to environmental stresses and may give a physiological explanation for the determinative role of C. raciborskii in algal blooming in Lake Balaton (Hungary).

Induction of polyunsaturated fatty-acid synthesis enhances tolerance of a cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, to low-temperature photoinhibition

Acyl-lipid desaturation introduces double bonds (unsaturated bonds) at specifically defined positions of fatty acids that are esterified to the glycerol backbone of membrane glycerolipids. Desaturation pattern of the glycerolipids of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (C. raciborskii), a filamentous cyanobacterial strain, was determined in cells grown at 35 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The lowering of the growth temperature from 35 degrees C to 25 degrees C resulted in a considerable accumulation of polyunsaturated octadecanoic fatty acids in all lipid classes. Lipid unsaturation of C. raciborskii was also compared to Synechocystis PCC6803. In C. raciborskii cells, a shift in growth temperature induced a much more pronounced alteration in the desaturation pattern of all lipid classes than in Synechocystis PCC6803. The tolerance to low-temperature photoinhibition of the C. raciborskii cells grown at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C was also compared to the tolerance of Synechocystis cells grown at the same temperatures. Lower growth temperature increased the tolerance of C. raciborskii cells but not that of Synechocystis cells. These results strengthen the importance of polyunsaturated glycerolipids in the tolerance to environmental stresses and may give a physiological explanation for the determinative role of C. raciborskii strain in algal blooming in the Lake Balaton (Hungary).

Direct evidence for requirement of phosphatidylglycerol in photosystem II of photosynthesis

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is considered to play an important role in the ordered assembly and structural maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus in thylakoid membranes. However, its function in photosynthesis remains poorly understood. In this study we have identified a pgsA gene of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 that encodes a PG phosphate synthase involved in the biosynthesis of PG. A disruption of the pgsA gene allowed us to manipulate the content of PG in thylakoid membranes and to investigate the function of PG in photosynthesis. The obtained pgsA mutant could grow only in the medium containing PG, and the photosynthetic activity of the pgsA mutant dramatically decreased with a concomitant decrease of PG content in thylakoid membranes when the cells grown in the presence of PG were transferred to the medium without PG. This decrease of photosynthetic activity was attributed to the decrease of photosystem (PS)II activity, but not to the decrease in PSI activity. These findings demonstrate that PG is essential for growth of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and provide the first direct evidence that PG plays an important role in PSII.

Chromophore conformational analysis in phycocyanin and in related chromopeptides by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Chromopeptides got from phycocyanin by proteolytic digestion do not preserve the extended chromophore conformations characteristic to the native protein. Chromophore conformations in the chromopeptides showed heterogenity varying between completely folded and semi-extended states. Indications were found that the silver sol-phycocyanin interaction involves the UV electronic transition of the biliprotein which may explain why the visible excited surface enhanced Raman spectra were similar not to the visible excited but to the UV-excited resonance Raman spectrum of phycocyanin.