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Robison MK, Garner LD. Pupillary correlates of individual differences in n-back task performance. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:799-807. [PMID: 38326632 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We used pupillometry during a 2-back task to examine individual differences in the intensity and consistency of attention and their relative role in a working memory task. We used sensitivity, or the ability to distinguish targets (2-back matches) and nontargets, as the measure of task performance; task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) as the measure of attentional intensity; and intraindividual pretrial pupil variability as the measure of attentional consistency. TEPRs were greater on target trials compared with nontarget trials, although there was no difference in TEPR magnitude when participants answered correctly or incorrectly to targets. Importantly, this effect interacted with performance: high performers showed a greater separation in their TEPRs between targets and nontargets, whereas there was little difference for low performers. Further, in regression analysis, larger TEPRs on target trials predicted better performance, whereas larger TEPRs on nontarget trials predicted worse performance. Sensitivity positively correlated with average pretrial pupil diameter and negatively correlated with intraindividual variability in pretrial pupil diameter. Overall, we found evidence that both attentional intensity (TEPRs) and consistency (pretrial pupil variation) predict performance on an n-back working memory task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Robison
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Lauren D Garner
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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2
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Fernández Castillo G, Khalid M, Salas E. Beyond communication: an update on transforming healthcare teams. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1282173. [PMID: 38449884 PMCID: PMC10915010 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1282173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Salas
- Making Effective Teams Laboratory, Department of Psychological Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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3
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Hoemann K, Gendron M, Crittenden AN, Mangola SM, Endeko ES, Dussault È, Barrett LF, Mesquita B. What We Can Learn About Emotion by Talking With the Hadza. Perspect Psychol Sci 2024; 19:173-200. [PMID: 37428509 PMCID: PMC10776822 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231178555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are often thought of as internal mental states centering on individuals' subjective feelings and evaluations. This understanding is consistent with studies of emotion narratives, or the descriptions people give for experienced events that they regard as emotions. Yet these studies, and contemporary psychology more generally, often rely on observations of educated Europeans and European Americans, constraining psychological theory and methods. In this article, we present observations from an inductive, qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with the Hadza, a community of small-scale hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, and juxtapose them with a set of interviews conducted with Americans from North Carolina. Although North Carolina event descriptions largely conformed to the assumptions of eurocentric psychological theory, Hadza descriptions foregrounded action and bodily sensations, the physical environment, immediate needs, and the experiences of social others. These observations suggest that subjective feelings and internal mental states may not be the organizing principle of emotion the world around. Qualitative analysis of emotion narratives from outside of a U.S. (and western) cultural context has the potential to uncover additional diversity in meaning-making, offering a descriptive foundation on which to build a more robust and inclusive science of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
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4
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Ackerman PL, Tatel CE. Resolving problems with the skill retention literature: An empirical demonstration and recommendations for researchers. J Exp Psychol Appl 2023:2024-36744-001. [PMID: 38108800 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Questions about the degree of retention and decay for procedural skills, once acquired but not used for a period of time, have been raised repeatedly in basic and applied research. Despite widespread interest and numerous empirical investigations, definitive answers to the question "How much skill is retained after a period of disuse?" remain elusive. Shortcomings with the literature were identified that limit the ability of researchers to develop models of skill decay for various tasks, including medical/health care, military, sports, and other applications. Problems with design, measurement, analysis, and interpretation aspects of research are reviewed. An empirical study of acquisition and retention after a 1-month delay for four tasks is presented: (1) A mid fidelity air traffic control simulation, (2) a low-fidelity air traffic control task, and (3, 4) two versions of a perceptual/memory search task, with data from 150 participants. The results illustrate how different approaches to measurement and analysis lead to biased interpretations of decay, especially in the context of relearning. Recommendations are provided for research that can clarify decay functions for procedural tasks and may generate improved understanding and actionable models for refresher training programs to optimize skill retention over extended time periods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corey E Tatel
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology
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5
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Hoemann K, Wormwood JB, Barrett LF, Quigley KS. Multimodal, Idiographic Ambulatory Sensing Will Transform our Understanding of Emotion. Affect Sci 2023; 4:480-486. [PMID: 37744967 PMCID: PMC10513989 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are inherently complex - situated inside the brain while being influenced by conditions inside the body and outside in the world - resulting in substantial variation in experience. Most studies, however, are not designed to sufficiently sample this variation. In this paper, we discuss what could be discovered if emotion were systematically studied within persons 'in the wild', using biologically-triggered experience sampling: a multimodal and deeply idiographic approach to ambulatory sensing that links body and mind across contexts and over time. We outline the rationale for this approach, discuss challenges to its implementation and widespread adoption, and set out opportunities for innovation afforded by emerging technologies. Implementing these innovations will enrich method and theory at the frontier of affective science, propelling the contextually situated study of emotion into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hoemann
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3727, 3000 Leuven, BE Belgium
| | - Jolie B. Wormwood
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
| | - Karen S. Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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6
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Hagen S, Vuong QC, Jung L, Chin MD, Scott LS, Tanaka JW. A perceptual field test in object experts using gaze-contingent eye tracking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11437. [PMID: 37454134 PMCID: PMC10349839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of expert object recognition is rapid and accurate subordinate-category recognition of visually homogenous objects. However, the perceptual strategies by which expert recognition is achieved is less known. The current study investigated whether visual expertise changes observers' perceptual field (e.g., their ability to use information away from fixation for recognition) for objects in their domain of expertise, using a gaze-contingent eye-tracking paradigm. In the current study, bird experts and novices were presented with two bird images sequentially, and their task was to determine whether the two images were of the same species (e.g., two different song sparrows) or different species (e.g., song sparrow and chipping sparrow). The first study bird image was presented in full view. The second test bird image was presented fully visible (full-view), restricted to a circular window centered on gaze position (central-view), or restricted to image regions beyond a circular mask centered on gaze position (peripheral-view). While experts and novices did not differ in their eye-movement behavior, experts' performance on the discrimination task for the fastest responses was less impaired than novices in the peripheral-view condition. Thus, the experts used peripheral information to a greater extent than novices, indicating that the experts have a wider perceptual field to support their speeded subordinate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen Hagen
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
- CNRS, CRAN, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Quoc C Vuong
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liandra Jung
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michael D Chin
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Lisa S Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James W Tanaka
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Hoemann K, Lee Y, Kuppens P, Gendron M, Boyd RL. Emotional Granularity is Associated with Daily Experiential Diversity. Affect Sci 2023; 4:291-306. [PMID: 37304562 PMCID: PMC10247944 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emotional granularity is the ability to create differentiated and nuanced emotional experiences and is associated with positive health outcomes. Individual differences in granularity are hypothesized to reflect differences in emotion concepts, which are informed by prior experience and impact current and future experience. Greater variation in experience, then, should be related to the rich and diverse emotion concepts that support higher granularity. Using natural language processing methods, we analyzed descriptions of everyday events to estimate the diversity of contexts and activities encountered by participants. Across three studies varying in language (English, Dutch) and modality (written, spoken), we found that participants who referred to a more varied and balanced set of contexts and activities reported more differentiated and nuanced negative emotions. Experiential diversity was not consistently associated with granularity for positive emotions. We discuss the contents of daily life as a potential source and outcome of individual differences in emotion. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00185-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hoemann
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3727, 3000 Leuven, BE Belgium
| | - Yeasle Lee
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3727, 3000 Leuven, BE Belgium
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3727, 3000 Leuven, BE Belgium
| | - Maria Gendron
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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8
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Guerin DW, Gottfried AW, Preston KSJ, Gottfried AE, Ramos MC, Oliver PH, Cheng CHE, Riggio RE. Latent profile analysis of adolescent temperament: Relations to happiness and health in adulthood. J Adolesc 2023. [PMID: 36975142 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study provides long-term evidence that profiles of temperament during adolescence are associated with happiness and health over two decades later. METHODS Data are based on the ongoing Fullerton Longitudinal Study, a community-based sample in the United States. At 14 and 16 years, adolescents (N = 111; 52% male, 90% Euro-American) and their mothers (N = 105) completed the Dimensions of Temperament Survey-Revised, a scale designed specifically to assess adolescents' temperament across a set of attributes. When adolescents reached age 38 years in 2017, they completed scales measuring comprehensive happiness and global health. RESULTS Latent profile analysis (LPA), a person-centered approach, was conducted for adolescents' and for mothers' temperament ratings separately. Distinct two-profile solutions, labeled more regulated and less regulated, emerged for each informant. These were comparable in features across informants. Only the adolescents' self-rated profiles, controlling for sex and family SES, revealed a conceptually meaningful and statistically significant relation to the distal outcomes of health and happiness two decades later. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with temperament profiles characterized as more regulated, in contrast to less regulated, reported being happier and healthier upon entering middle adulthood. Implications for intervention are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wright Guerin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | | | - Kathleen S J Preston
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Adele Eskeles Gottfried
- Department of Educational Psychology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Michelle C Ramos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Pamella H Oliver
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Chia-Hsin Emily Cheng
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Ronald E Riggio
- Department of Psychological Science, Kravis Leadership Institute, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, USA
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9
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Hoemann K, Khan Z, Feldman MJ, Nielson C, Devlin M, Dy J, Barrett LF, Wormwood JB, Quigley KS. Context-aware experience sampling reveals the scale of variation in affective experience. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12459. [PMID: 32719368 PMCID: PMC7385108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion research typically searches for consistency and specificity in physiological activity across instances of an emotion category, such as anger or fear, yet studies to date have observed more variation than expected. In the present study, we adopt an alternative approach, searching inductively for structure within variation, both within and across participants. Following a novel, physiologically-triggered experience sampling procedure, participants' self-reports and peripheral physiological activity were recorded when substantial changes in cardiac activity occurred in the absence of movement. Unsupervised clustering analyses revealed variability in the number and nature of patterns of physiological activity that recurred within individuals, as well as in the affect ratings and emotion labels associated with each pattern. There were also broad patterns that recurred across individuals. These findings support a constructionist account of emotion which, drawing on Darwin, proposes that emotion categories are populations of variable instances tied to situation-specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
| | - Jolie B Wormwood
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, USA
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10
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Kaplan S, Winslow C, Craig L, Lei X, Wong C, Bradley-Geist J, Biskup M, Ruark G. "Worse than I anticipated" or "This isn't so bad"?: The impact of affective forecasting accuracy on self-reported task performance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235973. [PMID: 32658900 PMCID: PMC7357752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Various motivational theories emphasize that desired emotional outcomes guide behavioral choices. Although motivational theory and research has emphasized that behavior is affected by desired emotional outcomes, little research has focused on the impact of anticipated feelings about engaging in behavior. The current research seeks to partly fill that void. Specifically, we borrow from affective forecasting research in suggesting that forecasts about engaging in performance-relevant behaviors can be more or less accurate. Furthermore, we suggest that the degree of accuracy has implications for self-reported task performance. To examine these ideas, we conducted two studies in which individuals made affective predictions about engaging in tasks and then later reported how they actually felt during task engagement. We also assessed their self-reported task performance. In Study 1, 214 workers provided affective forecasts about upcoming work tasks, and in Study 2, 185 students made forecasts about studying for an exam. Results based on polynomial regression were largely consistent across the studies. The accuracy of the forecasts did not conform to the pattern of affective forecasting accuracy typically found outside the performance domain. Furthermore, anticipated and experienced affect jointly predicted self-reported task performance in a consistent manner. Collectively, these findings suggest that taking into account anticipated affect, and its relationship with later experienced affect, provides a more comprehensive account of affect’s role in task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Kaplan
- George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carolyn Winslow
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lydia Craig
- George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xue Lei
- George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Carol Wong
- George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jill Bradley-Geist
- University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin Biskup
- George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gregory Ruark
- U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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LaVoie N, Parker J, Legree PJ, Ardison S, Kilcullen RN. Using Latent Semantic Analysis to Score Short Answer Constructed Responses: Automated Scoring of the Consequences Test. Educ Psychol Meas 2020; 80:399-414. [PMID: 32158028 PMCID: PMC7047257 DOI: 10.1177/0013164419860575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Automated scoring based on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) has been successfully used to score essays and constrained short answer responses. Scoring tests that capture open-ended, short answer responses poses some challenges for machine learning approaches. We used LSA techniques to score short answer responses to the Consequences Test, a measure of creativity and divergent thinking that encourages a wide range of potential responses. Analyses demonstrated that the LSA scores were highly correlated with conventional Consequence Test scores, reaching a correlation of .94 with human raters and were moderately correlated with performance criteria. This approach to scoring short answer constructed responses solves many practical problems including the time for humans to rate open-ended responses and the difficulty in achieving reliable scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Legree
- U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Sharon Ardison
- U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Robert N. Kilcullen
- U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
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12
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Abstract
It has long been claimed that certain facial movements are universally perceived as emotional expressions. The critical tests of this universality thesis were conducted between 1969 and 1975 in small-scale societies in the Pacific using confirmation-based research methods. New studies conducted since 2008 have examined a wider sample of small-scale societies, including on the African and South American continents. They used more discovery-based research methods, providing an important opportunity for reevaluating the universality thesis. These new studies reveal diversity, rather than uniformity, in how perceivers make sense of facial movements, calling the universality thesis into doubt. Instead, they support a perceiver-constructed account of emotion perception that is consistent with the broader literature on perception.
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13
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Siegel EH, Sands MK, Van den Noortgate W, Condon P, Chang Y, Dy J, Quigley KS, Barrett LF. Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories. Psychol Bull 2018; 144:343-393. [PMID: 29389177 PMCID: PMC5876074 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The classical view of emotion hypothesizes that certain emotion categories have a specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) "fingerprint" that is distinct from other categories. Substantial ANS variation within a category is presumed to be epiphenomenal. The theory of constructed emotion hypothesizes that an emotion category is a population of context-specific, highly variable instances that need not share an ANS fingerprint. Instead, ANS variation within a category is a meaningful part of the nature of emotion. We present a meta-analysis of 202 studies measuring ANS reactivity during lab-based inductions of emotion in nonclinical samples of adults, using a random effects, multilevel meta-analysis and multivariate pattern classification analysis to test our hypotheses. We found increases in mean effect size for 59.4% of ANS variables across emotion categories, but the pattern of effect sizes did not clearly distinguish 1 emotion category from another. We also observed significant variation within emotion categories; heterogeneity accounted for a moderate to substantial percentage (i.e., I2 ≥ 30%) of variability in 54% of these effect sizes. Experimental moderators epiphenomenal to emotion, such as induction type (e.g., films vs. imagery), did not explain a large portion of the variability. Correction for publication bias reduced estimated effect sizes even further, increasing heterogeneity of effect sizes for certain emotion categories. These findings, when considered in the broader empirical literature, are more consistent with population thinking and other principles from evolutionary biology found within the theory of constructed emotion, and offer insights for developing new hypotheses to understand the nature of emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen S. Quigley
- Northeastern University
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial (Bedford) VA Hospital
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