1
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You Z, Winckelmann A, Vogl J, Recknagel S, Abad C. Determination of calcium, iron, and selenium in human serum by isotope dilution analysis using nitrogen microwave inductively coupled atmospheric pressure plasma mass spectrometry (MICAP-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3117-3125. [PMID: 38589614 PMCID: PMC11068692 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the applicability of nitrogen microwave inductively coupled atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry (MICAP-MS) for Ca, Fe, and Se quantification in human serum using isotope dilution (ID) analysis. The matrix tolerance of MICAP-MS in Na matrix was investigated, revealing that high Na levels can suppress the signal intensity. This suppression is likely due to the plasma loading and the space charge effect. Moreover, 40Ca and 44Ca isotopic fractionation was noted at elevated Na concentration. Nine certified serum samples were analyzed using both external calibration and ID analysis. Overestimation of Cr, Zn, As, and Se was found in the results of external calibration, which might result from C-induced polyatomic interference and signal enhancement, respectively. Further investigations performed with methanol showed a similar enhancement effect for Zn, As, and Se, potentially supporting this assumption. The mass concentrations determined with ID analysis show metrological compatibility with the reference values, indicating that MICAP-MS combined with ID analysis can be a promising method for precise Ca, Fe, and Se determination. Moreover, this combination reduces the influence of matrix effects, broadening the applicability of MICAP-MS for samples with complex matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengchao You
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Department 1 Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Winckelmann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Department 1 Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Vogl
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Department 1 Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Recknagel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Department 1 Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Abad
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Department 1 Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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von Törne WJ, Klyk-Seitz UA, Piechotta C. Developing a GC-EI-MS/MS method for quantifying warfarin and five hydroxylated metabolites generated by the Fenton reaction. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:16986-16994. [PMID: 38329665 PMCID: PMC10894117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Since the 1950s, Warfarin has been used globally as both a prescription drug and a rodenticide. Research has shown that warfarin and other rodenticides are present in the environment and food chain. However, emerging contaminants are subject to degradation by biotic and abiotic processes and advanced oxidation processes. In some cases, detecting the parent compound may not be possible due to the formation of structurally changed species. This approach aims to identify hydroxylated transformation products of warfarin in a laboratory setting, even after the parent compound has undergone degradation. Therefore, the Fenton reaction is utilized to insert hydroxylation into the parent compound, warfarin, by hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals generated by Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Using multiple reaction monitoring, a GC-MS/MS method, incorporating isotopically labeled reference compounds, is used to quantify the expected derivatized species. The analytes are derivatized using trimethyl-3-trifluoromethyl phenyl ammonium hydroxide, and the derivatization yield of warfarin is determined by using isotopically labeled reference compounds. The method has a linear working range of 30 to 1800 ng/mL, with detection limits ranging from 18.7 to 67.0 ng/mL. The analytes are enriched using a C18-SPE step, and the recovery for each compound is calculated. The Fenton reaction generates all preselected hydroxylated transformation products of warfarin. The method successfully identifies that 4'-Me-O-WAR forms preferentially under the specified experimental conditions. By further optimizing the SPE clean-up procedures, this GC-MS-based method will be suitable for detecting transformation products in more complex matrices, such as environmental water samples. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of warfarin's degradation and offers a robust analytical tool for investigating its transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipert Jannik von Törne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urszula-Anna Klyk-Seitz
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Piechotta
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
- Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Lisec J, Recknagel S, Prinz C, Vogel K, Koch M, Becker R. eCerto-versatile software for interlaboratory data evaluation and documentation during reference material production. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1139-1147. [PMID: 38108845 PMCID: PMC10850009 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The statistical tool eCerto was developed for the evaluation of measurement data to assign property values and associated uncertainties of reference materials. The analysis is based on collaborative studies of expert laboratories and was implemented using the R software environment. Emphasis was put on comparability of eCerto with SoftCRM, a statistical tool based on the certification strategy of the former Community Bureau of Reference. Additionally, special attention was directed towards easy usability from data collection through processing, archiving, and reporting. While the effects of outlier removal can be flexibly explored, eCerto always retains the original data set and any manipulation such as outlier removal is (graphically and tabularly) documented adequately in the report. As a major reference materials producer, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) developed and will maintain a tool to meet the needs of modern data processing, documentation requirements, and emerging fields of RM activity. The main features of eCerto are discussed using previously certified reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lisec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Recknagel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Prinz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Vogel
- Section eScience (S.3), Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Becker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
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4
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Mrkwitschka P, Rühle B, Kuchenbecker P, Löhmann O, Lindemann F, Hodoroaba VD. Embedding and cross-sectioning as a sample preparation procedure for accurate and representative size and shape measurement of nanopowders. Sci Rep 2024; 14:511. [PMID: 38177208 PMCID: PMC10766598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Reliable measurement of the size of polydisperse, complex-shaped commercial nanopowders is a difficult but necessary task, e.g., for regulatory requirements and toxicity risk assessment. Suitable methods exist for the accurate characterization of the size of non-aggregated, stabilized, spherical and monodisperse nanoparticles. In contrast, industrial nanoscale powders usually require dedicated sample preparation procedures developed for the analysis method of choice. These nano-powders tend to agglomerate and/or aggregate, a behavior which in combination with an innate broad particle size distribution and irregular shape often significantly alters the achievable accuracy of the measured size parameters. The present study systematically tests two commercially available nanoscale powders using different sample preparation methods for correlative analysis by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method and differential mobility analysis. One focus was set on the sample preparation by embedding nanoparticles in carbon-based hot-mounting resin. Literature on this topic is scarce and the accuracy of the data extracted from cross sections of these particles is unclearly stated. In this paper systematic simulations on the deviation of the size parameters of well-defined series of nanoparticles with different shapes from the nominal value were carried out and the contributing factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mrkwitschka
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bastian Rühle
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kuchenbecker
- Division 5.4 Advanced Multi-materials Processing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Löhmann
- Division 4.2 Material-Microbiome Interactions, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Lindemann
- Division 5.4 Advanced Multi-materials Processing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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Mishurova T, Evsevleev S, Piault P, King A, Henry L, Bruno G. Understanding the hot isostatic pressing effectiveness of laser powder bed fusion Ti-6Al-4V by in-situ X-ray imaging and diffraction experiments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18433. [PMID: 37891199 PMCID: PMC10611763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, in-situ observation of Hot Isostatic Pressure (HIP) procedure of laser powder bed fusion manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts was performed to quantitatively estimate the densification rate of the material and the influence of the defect initial size and shape on such rate. The observations were performed in-situ using the Ultrafast Tomography Paris-Edinburgh Cell and the combination of fast phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray tomography and energy dispersive diffraction. With this strategy, we could quantify how the effectiveness of HIP depends on the characteristics of a defect. Smaller defects showed a higher densification rate, while the defect shape did not have significant effect on such rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Mishurova
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sergei Evsevleev
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Piault
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laura Henry
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Sichler TC, Montag D, Barjenbruch M, Mauch T, Sommerfeld T, Ehm JH, Adam C. Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany. Environ Sci Eur 2022; 34:84. [PMID: 36091922 PMCID: PMC9442560 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fluctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge. In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fluctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber filter presses rather showed dilution effects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the 20 g/kg DM limit. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Montag
- ISA Institute for Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tatjana Mauch
- BAM Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- BAM Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Ehm
- ISA Institute for Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- BAM Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Koch C, Asna Ashari P, Mirtsch M, Blind K, Castka P. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on accredited conformity assessment bodies: insights from a multinational study. Accredit Qual Assur 2022; 27:275-288. [PMID: 36061230 PMCID: PMC9423698 DOI: 10.1007/s00769-022-01514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic posed new and manifold challenges to organizations and their operations worldwide. Conformity assessment bodies (CABs), such as testing or medical laboratories, certification, and inspection bodies, were also affected by the associated disruptions. Their role in this crisis is highly relevant, as CABs are essential pillars of the quality infrastructure: their activities ensure that products and services meet requirements as defined in standards and regulations, thereby contributing to their safety and reliability. The question arises of how CABs and their operations were affected by the pandemic and how they responded. To this end, we present the results of an international survey of 986 CABs of all types in Germany, the UK, Italy, and New Zealand. Overall, CABs reported, on average, a reduction in demand for their services during the pandemic, facing restrictions in all countries. In addition, the pandemic had an overall negative impact on the CABs' investment and innovation activities. However, investments in digital infrastructure were increased as a countermeasure, with CABs reporting a higher need for digitalization. The paper highlights and discusses results from in-depth analyses relevant to policymakers and industry alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Koch
- S.2 Accreditation and Conformity Assessment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Rudower Chaussee 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Parsa Asna Ashari
- S.2 Accreditation and Conformity Assessment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Rudower Chaussee 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mona Mirtsch
- S.2 Accreditation and Conformity Assessment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Rudower Chaussee 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Blind
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel Castka
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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8
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Radnik J, Knigge X, Andresen E, Resch-Genger U, Cant DJH, Shard AG, Clifford CA. Composition, thickness, and homogeneity of the coating of core-shell nanoparticles-possibilities, limits, and challenges of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4331-4345. [PMID: 35471249 PMCID: PMC9142455 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Core–shell nanoparticles have attracted much attention in recent years due to their unique properties and their increasing importance in many technological and consumer products. However, the chemistry of nanoparticles is still rarely investigated in comparison to their size and morphology. In this review, the possibilities, limits, and challenges of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for obtaining more insights into the composition, thickness, and homogeneity of nanoparticle coatings are discussed with four examples: CdSe/CdS quantum dots with a thick coating and a small core; NaYF4-based upconverting nanoparticles with a large Yb-doped core and a thin Er-doped coating; and two types of polymer nanoparticles with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) core with either a poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene coating. Different approaches for calculating the thickness of the coating are presented, like a simple numerical modelling or a more complex simulation of the photoelectron peaks. Additionally, modelling of the XPS background for the investigation of coating is discussed. Furthermore, the new possibilities to measure with varying excitation energies or with hard-energy X-ray sources (hard-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) are described. A discussion about the sources of uncertainty for the determination of the thickness of the coating completes this review. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Radnik
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 6.1 "Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry", Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xenia Knigge
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 6.1 "Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry", Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elina Andresen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 1.2 "Biophotonics", Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Division 1.2 "Biophotonics", Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Surface Technology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Alex G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Surface Technology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Charles A Clifford
- National Physical Laboratory, Surface Technology Group, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
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9
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Roesch P, Vogel C, Huthwelker T, Wittwer P, Simon FG. Investigation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils and sewage sludges by fluorine K-edge XANES spectroscopy and combustion ion chromatography. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:26889-26899. [PMID: 34860340 PMCID: PMC8989862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was applied to detect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various soil and sewage sludge samples. The method can be used to determine the speciation of inorganic and organic fluorides, without pre-treatment of solid samples. Therefore, XANES spectra of several inorganic fluorides as well as selected fluorinated organic compounds were recorded. While inorganic fluorides partially exhibit a variety of sharp spectral features in the XANES spectrum, almost all inspected organofluorine compounds show two distinct broad features at 688.5 and 692.0 eV. Moreover, the peak intensity ratio 688.5 eV/692.0 eV in the PFAS XANES spectrum can be inversely correlated to the chain length of the perfluoro sulfonic acid group. The detection of targeted PFAS by bulk-XANES spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting in soils and sewage sludges was not applicable due to the low organic fluorine to total fluorine ratio of the samples (0.01-1.84%). Nonetheless, direct analysis of pure PFAS revealed that analysis of organofluorine species might be achieved in higher concentrated samples. Furthermore, quantitative measurements by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) evaluated as sum parameters extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) emphasize that besides soils, sewage sludges are a significant source of organic fluorine in agriculture (154-7209 µg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Roesch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Vogel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Simon
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 4.3 Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Reinmuth-Selzle K, Tchipilov T, Backes AT, Tscheuschner G, Tang K, Ziegler K, Lucas K, Pöschl U, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Weller MG. Determination of the protein content of complex samples by aromatic amino acid analysis, liquid chromatography-UV absorbance, and colorimetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4457-4470. [PMID: 35320366 PMCID: PMC9142416 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast and accurate determination of the protein content of a sample is an important and non-trivial task of many biochemical, biomedical, food chemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental research activities. Different methods of total protein determination are used for a wide range of proteins with highly variable properties in complex matrices. These methods usually work reasonably well for proteins under controlled conditions, but the results for non-standard and complex samples are often questionable. Here, we compare new and well-established methods, including traditional amino acid analysis (AAA), aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA) based on the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, reversed-phase liquid chromatography of intact proteins with UV absorbance measurements at 220 and 280 nm (LC-220, LC-280), and colorimetric assays like Coomassie Blue G-250 dye-binding assay (Bradford) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. We investigated different samples, including proteins with challenging properties, chemical modifications, mixtures, and complex matrices like air particulate matter and pollen extracts. All methods yielded accurate and precise results for the protein and matrix used for calibration. AAA, AAAA with fluorescence detection, and the LC-220 method yielded robust results even under more challenging conditions (variable analytes and matrices). These methods turned out to be well-suited for reliable determination of the protein content in a wide range of samples, such as air particulate matter and pollen. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teodor Tchipilov
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Tscheuschner
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Tang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael G. Weller
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Recknagel S, Bresch H, Kipphardt H, Koch M, Rosner M, Resch-Genger U. Trends in selected fields of reference material production. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4281-4289. [PMID: 35316348 PMCID: PMC9142448 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particularly fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Recknagel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Harald Bresch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Kipphardt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Rosner
- IsoAnalysis UG, Volmerstr. 7a, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Bastos V, Oskoei P, Andresen E, Saleh MI, Rühle B, Resch-Genger U, Oliveira H. Stability, dissolution, and cytotoxicity of NaYF 4-upconversion nanoparticles with different coatings. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3770. [PMID: 35260656 PMCID: PMC8904531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique photophysical properties. Their utilization in biomedical applications depends on the understanding of their transformations under physiological conditions and their potential toxicity. In this study, NaYF4:Yb,Er UCNPs, widely used for luminescence and photophysical studies, were modified with a set of four different coordinatively bound surface ligands, i.e., citrate, alendronate (AA), ethylendiamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) (EDTMP), and poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAO), as well as silica coatings with two different thicknesses. Subsequently, the aging-induced release of fluoride ions in water and cell culture media and their cytotoxic profile to human keratinocytes were assessed in parallel to the cytotoxic evaluation of the ligands, sodium fluoride and the lanthanide ions. The cytotoxicity studies of UCNPs with different surface modifications demonstrated the good biocompatibility of EDTMP-UCNPs and PMAO-UCNPs, which is in line with the low amount of fluoride ions released from these samples. An efficient prevention of UCNP dissolution and release of cytotoxic ions, as well as low cytotoxicity was also observed for UCNPs with a sufficiently thick silica shell. Overall, our results provide new insights into the understanding of the contribution of surface chemistry to the stability, dissolution behavior, and cytotoxicity of UCNPs. Altogether, the results obtained are highly important for future applications of UCNPs in the life sciences and bioimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Bastos
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Párástu Oskoei
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elina Andresen
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Division Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maysoon I Saleh
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Division Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Bastian Rühle
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Division Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Division Biophotonics, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Winckelmann A, Morcillo D, Richter S, Recknagel S, Riedel J, Vogl J, Panne U, Abad C. Determination of lithium in human serum by isotope dilution atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:251-256. [PMID: 34505166 PMCID: PMC8748318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic dose of lithium (Li) compounds, which are widely used for the treatment of psychiatric and hematologic disorders, is close to its toxic level; therefore, drug monitoring protocols are mandatory. Herein, we propose a fast, simple, and low-cost analytical procedure for the traceable determination of Li concentration in human serum, based on the monitoring of the Li isotope dilution through the partially resolved isotope shift in its electronic transition around 670.80 nm using a commercially available high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. With this technique, serum samples only require acidic digestion before analysis. The procedure requires three measurements-an enriched 6Li spike, a mixture of a certified standard solution and spike, and a mixture of the sample and spike with a nominal 7Li/6Li ratio of 0.82. Lanthanum has been used as an internal spectral standard for wavelength correction. The spectra are described as the linear superposition of the contributions of the respective isotopes, each consisting of a spin-orbit doublet, which can be expressed as Gaussian components with constant spectral position and width and different relative intensity, reflecting the isotope ratio in the sample. Both the spectral constants and the correlation between isotope ratio and relative band intensity have been experimentally obtained using commercially available materials enriched with Li isotopes. The Li characteristic mass (mc) obtained corresponds to 0.6 pg. The procedure has been validated using five human serum certified reference materials. The results are metrologically comparable and compatible to the certified values. The measurement uncertainties are comparable to those obtained by the more complex and expensive technique, isotope dilution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Winckelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dalia Morcillo
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Richter
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Recknagel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Vogl
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Abad
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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Kern S, Liehr S, Wander L, Bornemann-Pfeiffer M, Müller S, Maiwald M, Kowarik S. Artificial neural networks for quantitative online NMR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4447-4459. [PMID: 32388578 PMCID: PMC7320049 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Industry 4.0 is all about interconnectivity, sensor-enhanced process control, and data-driven systems. Process analytical technology (PAT) such as online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is gaining in importance, as it increasingly contributes to automation and digitalization in production. In many cases up to now, however, a classical evaluation of process data and their transformation into knowledge is not possible or not economical due to the insufficiently large datasets available. When developing an automated method applicable in process control, sometimes only the basic data of a limited number of batch tests from typical product and process development campaigns are available. However, these datasets are not large enough for training machine-supported procedures. In this work, to overcome this limitation, a new procedure was developed, which allows physically motivated multiplication of the available reference data in order to obtain a sufficiently large dataset for training machine learning algorithms. The underlying example chemical synthesis was measured and analyzed with both application-relevant low-field NMR and high-field NMR spectroscopy as reference method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have the potential to infer valuable process information already from relatively limited input data. However, in order to predict the concentration at complex conditions (many reactants and wide concentration ranges), larger ANNs and, therefore, a larger training dataset are required. We demonstrate that a moderately complex problem with four reactants can be addressed using ANNs in combination with the presented PAT method (low-field NMR) and with the proposed approach to generate meaningful training data. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kern
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- S-PACT GmbH, Burtscheider Str. 1, 52064, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sascha Liehr
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Wander
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Bornemann-Pfeiffer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 38, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Maiwald
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kowarik
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
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