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Görgens C, Möller T, Guddat S, Svambayev E, Geyer H, Thomas A, Thevis M. Urinary metabolites indicative of the administration of hypoxen monitored by liquid chromatography-high resolution/accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38654556 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxen, a poly(dihydroxyphenylene) thiosulfonate-based drug, has been investigated concerning its effect on mitochondrial respiration and the utilization of lactate, especially in the context of strenuous exercise. Since 2023, patterns of use regarding hypoxen amongst the athletic population are monitored by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and its accredited anti-doping laboratories, necessitating information on suitable urinary markers indicative of the administration of hypoxen. In this exploratory study, urine samples collected post-administration of 1.5 and 2.0 g of hypoxen were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-high resolution/high mass accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry, which allowed for the identification of eight analytes that were plausibly attributable to metabolites of hypoxen. The identified species were assigned to the unconjugated species of S-(2,2',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl) sulfurothioate and its glucuronide and additional tentatively identified analytes comprising a mercaptobenzene core structure. Including the identified markers into routine doping control analytical procedures enabled the detection of hypoxen use in athletes' doping control samples, thus contributing relevant information to WADA's monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tristan Möller
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Thevis M, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thomas A, Geyer H. Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing-Analytical approaches and the athletes' exposome. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14228. [PMID: 36539355 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Test methods in anti-doping, most of which rely on the most modern mass spectrometric instrumentation, undergo continuous optimization in order to accommodate growing demands as to comprehensiveness, sensitivity, retrospectivity, cost-effectiveness, turnaround times, etc. While developing and improving analytical approaches is vital for appropriate sports drug testing programs, the combination of today's excellent analytical potential and the inevitable exposure of humans to complex environmental factors, specifically chemicals and drugs at the lowest levels, has necessitated dedicated research, particularly into the elite athlete's exposome. Being subjected to routine doping controls, athletes frequently undergo blood and/or urine tests for a plethora of drugs, chemicals, corresponding metabolic products, and various biomarkers. Due to the applicable anti-doping regulations, the presence of prohibited substances in an athlete's organism can constitute an anti-doping rule violation with severe consequences for the individual's career (in contrast to the general population), and frequently the question of whether the analytical data can assist in differentiating scenarios of 'doping' from 'contamination through inadvertent exposure' is raised. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and potential exposure scenarios have become a central topic of anti-doping research, aiming at supporting and consolidating the balance between essential analytical performance characteristics of doping control test methods and the mandate of protecting the clean athlete by exploiting new strategies in sampling and analyzing specimens for sports drug-testing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Naumann N, Walpurgis K, Rubio A, Thomas A, Paßreiter A, Thevis M. Detection of doping control sample substitutions via single nucleotide polymorphism-based ID typing. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1521-1533. [PMID: 37946680 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The authenticity of a doping control sample is a key element of sports drug testing programmes. Doping control sample manipulation by providing another individual's urine or blood (instead of the tested athlete's sample) has been observed in the past and is an unequivocal violation of the World Anti-Doping Agency anti-doping rules. To determine attempts of manipulations by sample swapping, the utility of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based sample authentication with a multi-target SNP panel was assessed. The panel comprises detection assays for 44 different SNPs, 3 gender markers and 5 quality control markers for DNA-profile determination. Sample analysis is based on a multiplex polymerase chain reaction step followed by a multiplex single base extension (SBE) reaction and subsequent SBE-product detection by MALDI-TOF MS. Panel performance was evaluated for urine and dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Urine (8 ml) and DBS (20 μl) test samples were reliably typed and matched to whole blood reference samples, while efficient typing of urine samples correlated with sample quality and input amounts. Robust profiling of urine doping control specimens was confirmed with an assay input of 12 ml. Samples can be processed in a high-throughput format with an overall assay turnaround time of approximately 11 h. SNP-based DNA typing via MALDI-TOF MS thus represents a high throughput-capable possibility for doping control sample authentication. SNP profiling of samples could offer the opportunity to complement existing steroid profile analytics to substantiate sample manipulations and to support quality control processes in high throughput routine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Naumann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Rubio
- Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Paßreiter
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Wagener F, Naumann N, Göldner V, Görgens C, Guddat S, Karst U, Thevis M. Comparison of in vitro approaches for predicting the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator RAD140. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5657-5669. [PMID: 37421437 PMCID: PMC10473985 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of metabolites allows for the expansion of possible targets for anti-doping analysis. Especially for novel substances such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), information on metabolic fate is scarce. Novel approaches such as the organ on a chip technology may provide a metabolic profile that resembles human in vivo samples more closely than approaches that rely on human liver fractions only. In this study, the SARM RAD140 was metabolized by means of subcellular human liver fractions, human liver spheroids in an organ on a chip platform, and electrochemical (EC) conversion. The resulting metabolites were analyzed with LC-HRMS/MS and compared to a human doping control urine sample that yielded an adverse analytical finding for RAD140. A total of 16 metabolites were detected in urine, while 14, 13, and 7 metabolites were detected in samples obtained from the organ on a chip experiment, the subcellular liver fraction, and EC experiments, respectively. All tested techniques resulted in the detection of RAD140 metabolites. In the organ on a chip samples, the highest number of metabolites were detected. The subcellular liver fractions and organ on a chip techniques are deemed complementary to predict metabolites of RAD140, as both techniques produce distinct metabolites that are also found in an anonymized human in vivo urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Wagener
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nana Naumann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Germany.
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Oschinsky FM, Klein HC, Niehaves B. Invite everyone to the table, but not to every course: How Design-Thinking collaboration can be implemented in smart cities to design digital services. Electron Mark 2022; 32:1925-1941. [PMID: 36042983 PMCID: PMC9411038 DOI: 10.1007/s12525-022-00567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Innovative collaboration strategies are a promising tool for fostering the governance of smart cities while acknowledging citizen centricity. During implementation, however, determining the number and background of the involved actors is challenging. The Design-Thinking (DT) approach appears suitable for addressing this issue as it offers a concrete and adaptable course of action. The present contribution involves a study on implementing DT principles in a German health resort and identifies three critical components: (1) team, (2) process, and (3) workspace. Our use case is an adaptable project- and workshop plan that encourages the implementation of DT collaboration in smart cities when designing digital services. Our results provide initial guidelines on how to involve diverse actors, when to integrate trained DT coaches, and how to design collaborative innovation in a digital way. The practice-oriented insights gained in the study can be applied, adapted, and discussed in other smart cities and citizen-centered projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Marie Oschinsky
- Institute of Information Systems Research, University of Siegen, Kohlbettstrasse 15, 57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Klein
- Institute of Information Systems Research, University of Siegen, Kohlbettstrasse 15, 57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Niehaves
- Institute of Information Systems Research, University of Siegen, Kohlbettstrasse 15, 57072 Siegen, Germany
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