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Zhao L, Zhou W, He J, Li DZ, Li HT. Positive selection and relaxed purifying selection contribute to rapid evolution of male-biased genes in a dioecious flowering plant. eLife 2024; 12:RP89941. [PMID: 38353667 PMCID: PMC10942601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex-biased genes offer insights into the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Sex-biased genes, especially those with male bias, show elevated evolutionary rates of protein sequences driven by positive selection and relaxed purifying selection in animals. Although rapid sequence evolution of sex-biased genes and evolutionary forces have been investigated in animals and brown algae, less is known about evolutionary forces in dioecious angiosperms. In this study, we separately compared the expression of sex-biased genes between female and male floral buds and between female and male flowers at anthesis in dioecious Trichosanthes pilosa (Cucurbitaceae). In floral buds, sex-biased gene expression was pervasive, and had significantly different roles in sexual dimorphism such as physiology. We observed higher rates of sequence evolution for male-biased genes in floral buds compared to female-biased and unbiased genes. Male-biased genes under positive selection were mainly associated with functions to abiotic stress and immune responses, suggesting that high evolutionary rates are driven by adaptive evolution. Additionally, relaxed purifying selection may contribute to accelerated evolution in male-biased genes generated by gene duplication. Our findings, for the first time in angiosperms, suggest evident rapid evolution of male-biased genes, advance our understanding of the patterns and forces driving the evolution of sexual dimorphism in dioecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, YunnanChina
| | - Wei Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, YunnanChina
| | - Jun He
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, YunnanChina
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, YunnanChina
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, YunnanChina
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
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Qian B, Hu Y, Xu M, Yang J, Liu C, Pan Y. Study on the thermal oxidation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids by synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2023; 37:e9634. [PMID: 37799030 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cooking oil fumes contain numerous hazardous and carcinogenic chemicals, posing potential threats to human health. However, the sources of these species remain ambiguous, impeding health risk assessment, pollution control and mechanism research. METHODS To address this issue, the thermal oxidation of three common unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), namely oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, present in vegetable oils was investigated. The volatile and semi-volatile products were comprehensively characterized by online synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry (SR-PIMS) with two modes, which were validated and complemented using offline gas chromatography (GC)/MS methods. Tunable SR-PIMS combined with photoionization efficiency curve simulation enabled the recognition of isomers/isobars in gaseous fumes. RESULTS SR-PIMS revealed over 100 products, including aldehydes, alkenes, furans, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., such as small molecules of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, ethylene and furan, which are not readily detected by conventional GC/MS; and some unreported fractions, e.g. ketene, 4-ethylcyclohexene and cycloundecene(E), were also observed. Furthermore, real-time monitoring of product emissions during the thermal oxidation of the three UFAs via SR-PIMS revealed that linolenic acid may be the major source of acrolein. CONCLUSION SR-PIMS has been demonstrated as a powerful technique for online investigation of cooking oil fumes. This study achieved comprehensive characterization of volatile and semi-volatile products from the thermal oxidation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, facilitating the traceability of species in cooking fumes and aiding in exploring the thermal reactions of different vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co. Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Minggao Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Wang M, Li W, Qiang Q, Ma J, Chen J, Zhang X, Jia Y, Zhang T, Lin L. Clonal Propagation and Assessment of Biomass Production and Saponin Content of Elite Accessions of Wild Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2983. [PMID: 37631194 PMCID: PMC10459934 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an endangered medicinal plant endemic to China with great economic importance for the pharmaceutical industry. Two significant barriers to its commercial development are the long duration of its seed germination and the frequency of interspecific hybridization. We developed a method for clonal propagation of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and successfully applied it to selected elite wild plants, which could become cultivar candidates based on their biomass production and saponin content. In comparison to the traditional method, somatic embryogenesis produced an average of 63 somatic embryos per gram of callus in just six weeks, saving 12 to 15 months in plantlet production. The produced in vitro plantlets were strong and healthy and 94% survived transplanting to soil. Using this method, four candidate cultivars with diverse morphologies and geographic origins were clonally reproduced from selected elite wild accessions. In comparison to those obtained with the traditional P. polyphylla propagation technique, they accumulated higher biomass and polyphyllin levels in rhizomes plus adventitious roots during a five-year period. In conclusion, somatic embryogenesis-based methods offer an alternate approach for the rapid and scaled-up production of P. polyphylla, as well as opening up species conservation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Weiqi Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Qi Qiang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Junchao Ma
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yanxia Jia
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
| | - Tie Zhang
- Science and Technology Department, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.W.); (Q.Q.); (J.M.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.)
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Wu L, Qi K, Xu M, Liu C, Pan Y. Effects of dopants in the imaging of mouse brain by desorption electrospray ionization/post-photoionization mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2022; 57:e4813. [PMID: 35189674 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization/post-photoionization (DESI/PI) is a newly developed ionization method by the combination of DESI and post-photoionization for the simultaneous imaging of polar and nonpolar compounds in biological tissues. Dopants are of great importance in DESI/PI for the enhancement of signal intensities through ion-molecule reactions. In this work, to evaluate the performance of dopants in DESI/PI, an efficient homogenate model was developed, and four kinds of dopants (toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and anisole) were tested using homogenate of mouse brain tissue as target sample. The influences of the dopants on the signal enhancements of different compounds were explained reasonably by the ionization mechanism. Then, the dopants with their optimum volume contents were applied to the mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). For a comprehensive imaging of various compounds with different polarities, methanol/toluene/formic acid (7:3:0.1) was chosen as the best choice. Finally, the stronger quantitative ability of DESI/PI with toluene as dopant for a few compounds in mouse brain tissue was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liutian Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Keke Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Minggao Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Wang L, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Yang G, Li W, Wang R, Xie Z. Characterization of LhSorTGA2, a novel TGA2-like protein that interacts with LhSorNPR1 in oriental hybrid lily Sorbonne. Bot Stud 2017; 58:46. [PMID: 29127659 PMCID: PMC5681460 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) regulates expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes by interacting with TGA family proteins during systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, no TGA-like proteins or their interacting partners have been characterized in lily. RESULTS In the present study, LhSorTGA2, a novel TGA-like protein, was identified as an interacting partner of LhSorNPR1 (an NPR-like protein) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) and yeast two-hybrid assay (Y2H). Subcellular localization of GFP-tagged proteins targeted LhSorTGA2 to the nucleus, whereas GFP-labeled LhSorNPR1 was observed both in the nucleus and at the cytomembrane. Sequence alignment revealed that LhSorTGA2 was featured with a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain and two glutamine rich acid domains (QI and QII). Further phylogenetic analysis showed that TGA family proteins can be grouped into three subclades, within which LhSorTGA2 was clustered into subclade I, together with AtTGA2/5/6. Expression of LhSorTGA2 was investigated in different tissues by qPCR, and the highest expression level was observed in stem. Besides, when treated with phytohormones (SA, MeJA, ETH and ABA) or fungal pathogen Botrytis elliptica, LhSorTGA2 expression was also induced at different time points post treatments. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggested that LhSorTGA2 was an interacting partner of LhSorNPR1, which might function in regulating expression of PR genes in lily during SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Yubao Zhang
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Li Wang
- The Forest Tree Seedling Station of the Alxa League, Alxa League, 750300 China
| | - Guo Yang
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Wenmei Li
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Zhongkui Xie
- Gaolan Station of the Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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