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Fukushima T, Siddall R, Schwab F, Toussaint SLD, Byrnes G, Nyakatura JA, Jusufi A. Inertial Tail Effects during Righting of Squirrels in Unexpected Falls: From Behavior to Robotics. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:589-602. [PMID: 33930150 PMCID: PMC8427179 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboreal mammals navigate a highly three dimensional and discontinuous habitat. Among arboreal mammals, squirrels demonstrate impressive agility. In a recent "viral" YouTube video, unsuspecting squirrels were mechanically catapulted off of a track, inducing an initially uncontrolled rotation of the body. Interestingly, they skillfully stabilized themselves using tail motion, which ultimately allowed the squirrels to land successfully. Here we analyze the mechanism by which the squirrels recover from large body angular rates. We analyzed from the video that squirrels first use their tail to help stabilizing their head to visually fix a landing site. Then the tail starts to rotate to help stabilizing the body, preparing themselves for landing. To analyze further the mechanism of this tail use during mid-air, we built a multibody squirrel model and showed the righting strategy based on body inertia moment changes and active angular momentum transfer between axes. To validate the hypothesized strategy, we made a squirrel-like robot and demonstrated a fall-stabilizing experiment. Our results demonstrate that a squirrel's long tail, despite comprising just 3% of body mass, can inertially stabilize a rapidly rotating body. This research contributes to better understanding the importance of long tails for righting mechanisms in animals living in complex environments such as trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Fukushima
- Locomotion in Biorobotic and Somatic Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Robert Siddall
- Locomotion in Biorobotic and Somatic Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Fabian Schwab
- Locomotion in Biorobotic and Somatic Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Séverine L D Toussaint
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 2, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Greg Byrnes
- Department of Biology, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, NY 12211, USA
| | - John A Nyakatura
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 2, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ardian Jusufi
- Locomotion in Biorobotic and Somatic Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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Choi E, Waldbillig F, Jeong M, Li D, Goyal R, Weber P, Miernik A, Grüne B, Hein S, Suarez-Ibarrola R, Kriegmair MC, Qiu T. Soft Urinary Bladder Phantom for Endoscopic Training. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:2412-2420. [PMID: 34002287 PMCID: PMC8455490 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the main disease in the urinary tract with a high recurrence rate and it is diagnosed by cystoscopy (CY). To train the CY procedures, a realistic bladder phantom with correct anatomy and physiological properties is highly required. Here, we report a soft bladder phantom (FlexBlad) that mimics many important features of a human bladder. Under filling, it shows a large volume expansion of more than 300% with a tunable compliance in the range of 12.2 ± 2.8 - 32.7 ± 5.4 mL cmH2O-1 by engineering the thickness of the bladder wall. By 3D printing and multi-step molding, detailed anatomical structures are represented on the inner bladder wall, including sub-millimeter blood vessels and reconfigurable bladder tumors. Endoscopic inspection and tumor biopsy were successfully performed. A multi-center study was carried out, where two groups of urologists with different experience levels executed consecutive CYs in the phantom and filled in questionnaires. The learning curves reveal that the FlexBlad has a positive effect in the endourological training across different skill levels. The statistical results validate the usability of the phantom as a valuable educational tool, and the dynamic feature expands its use as a versatile endoscopic training platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Choi
- Cyber Valley Research Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Micro Nano and Molecular Systems Lab, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Waldbillig
- Department of Urology & Urosurgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- RaVeNNA 4pi - Consortium of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Moonkwang Jeong
- Cyber Valley Research Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Micro Nano and Molecular Systems Lab, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dandan Li
- Cyber Valley Research Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Micro Nano and Molecular Systems Lab, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rahul Goyal
- Cyber Valley Research Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Micro Nano and Molecular Systems Lab, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patricia Weber
- Cyber Valley Research Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arkadiusz Miernik
- RaVeNNA 4pi - Consortium of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Grüne
- Department of Urology & Urosurgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- RaVeNNA 4pi - Consortium of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Hein
- RaVeNNA 4pi - Consortium of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Suarez-Ibarrola
- RaVeNNA 4pi - Consortium of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Christian Kriegmair
- Department of Urology & Urosurgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- RaVeNNA 4pi - Consortium of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tian Qiu
- Cyber Valley Research Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Micro Nano and Molecular Systems Lab, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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