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Jurakova V, Farková V, Kucera J, Dadakova K, Zapletalova M, Paskova K, Reminek R, Glatz Z, Holla LI, Ruzicka F, Lochman J, Linhartova PB. Gene expression and metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans during exposure to dietary carbohydrates glucose, sucrose, lactose, and xylitol. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:424-441. [PMID: 37440366 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent RNA sequencing studies have given us a deeper insight into the cariogenic impact of carbohydrate sources in the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, the principal microbial agent in dental caries etiopathogenesis. The process of dental caries development is facilitated by the ability of this bacterium to ferment some carbohydrates into organic acids contributing to a pH decrease in the oral cavity and the demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth. Furthermore, in dental caries progression, biofilm formation, which starts and ends with free planktonic cells, plays an important role and has several unique properties called virulence factors. The most cariogenic carbohydrate is sucrose, an easily metabolizable source of energy that induces the acidification and synthesis of glucans, forming typical bacterial cell clumps. We used multifaceted methodological approaches to compare the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of S. mutans growing in planktonic culture on preferred and nonpreferred carbohydrates and in fasting conditions. Streptococcus mutans in a planktonic culture with lactose produced the same pH drop as glucose and sucrose. By contrast, xylitol and lactose showed high effectiveness in regulating intracellular polysaccharide metabolism, cell wall structure, and overall virulence involved in the initial phase of biofilm formation and structure but with an opposite pattern compared with sucrose and glucose. Our results confirmed the recent findings that xylitol and lactose play a vital role in biofilm structure. However, they do not reduce its formation, which is related to the creation of a cariogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Jurakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Farková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kucera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Dadakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zapletalova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Paskova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Reminek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Izakovicova Holla
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- Institute for Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Borilova Linhartova
- Clinic of Stomatology, Institution Shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ávila Herrera IM, Král J, Pastuchová M, Forman M, Musilová J, Kořínková T, Šťáhlavský F, Zrzavá M, Nguyen P, Just P, Haddad CR, Hiřman M, Koubová M, Sadílek D, Huber BA. Evolutionary pattern of karyotypes and meiosis in pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): implications for reconstructing chromosome evolution of araneomorph spiders. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:75. [PMID: 33941079 PMCID: PMC8091558 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite progress in genomic analysis of spiders, their chromosome evolution is not satisfactorily understood. Most information on spider chromosomes concerns the most diversified clade, entelegyne araneomorphs. Other clades are far less studied. Our study focused on haplogyne araneomorphs, which are remarkable for their unusual sex chromosome systems and for the co-evolution of sex chromosomes and nucleolus organizer regions (NORs); some haplogynes exhibit holokinetic chromosomes. To trace the karyotype evolution of haplogynes on the family level, we analysed the number and morphology of chromosomes, sex chromosomes, NORs, and meiosis in pholcids, which are among the most diverse haplogyne families. The evolution of spider NORs is largely unknown. RESULTS Our study is based on an extensive set of species representing all major pholcid clades. Pholcids exhibit a low 2n and predominance of biarmed chromosomes, which are typical haplogyne features. Sex chromosomes and NOR patterns of pholcids are diversified. We revealed six sex chromosome systems in pholcids (X0, XY, X1X20, X1X2X30, X1X2Y, and X1X2X3X4Y). The number of NOR loci ranges from one to nine. In some clades, NORs are also found on sex chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of cytogenetic characters was largely derived from character mapping on a recently published molecular phylogeny of the family. Based on an extensive set of species and mapping of their characters, numerous conclusions regarding the karyotype evolution of pholcids and spiders can be drawn. Our results suggest frequent autosome-autosome and autosome-sex chromosome rearrangements during pholcid evolution. Such events have previously been attributed to the reproductive isolation of species. The peculiar X1X2Y system is probably ancestral for haplogynes. Chromosomes of the X1X2Y system differ considerably in their pattern of evolution. In some pholcid clades, the X1X2Y system has transformed into the X1X20 or XY systems, and subsequently into the X0 system. The X1X2X30 system of Smeringopus pallidus probably arose from the X1X20 system by an X chromosome fission. The X1X2X3X4Y system of Kambiwa probably evolved from the X1X2Y system by integration of a chromosome pair. Nucleolus organizer regions have frequently expanded on sex chromosomes, most probably by ectopic recombination. Our data suggest the involvement of sex chromosome-linked NORs in achiasmatic pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivalú M. Ávila Herrera
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Král
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pastuchová
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Forman
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Musilová
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Research Team of Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kořínková
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Invertebrate Zoology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Just
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Invertebrate Zoology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Charles R. Haddad
- Research Group of Arachnid Systematics and Ecology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300 Republic of South Africa
| | - Matyáš Hiřman
- Invertebrate Zoology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Koubová
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David Sadílek
- Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Invertebrate Zoology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Bernhard A. Huber
- Arachnida Section, Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Museum, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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Peskova L, Jurcikova D, Vanova T, Krivanek J, Capandova M, Sramkova Z, Sebestikova J, Kolouskova M, Kotasova H, Streit L, Barta T. miR-183/96/182 cluster is an important morphogenetic factor targeting PAX6 expression in differentiating human retinal organoids. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1557-1567. [PMID: 32875669 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, noncoding RNA molecules represent important regulators of gene expression. Recent reports have implicated their role in the cell specification process acting as "fine-tuners" to ensure the precise gene expression at the specific stage of cell differentiation. Here, we used retinal organoids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) as a model to closely investigate the role of a sensory organ-specific and evolutionary conserved miR-183/96/182 cluster. Using a miRNA tough decoy approach, we inhibited the miR-183/96/182 cluster in hPSCs. Inhibition of the miRNA cluster resulted in an increased expansion of neuroepithelium leading to abnormal "bulged" neural retina in organoids, associated with upregulation of neural-specific and retinal-specific genes. Importantly, we identified PAX6, a well-known essential gene in neuroectoderm specification, as a target of the miR-183/96/182 cluster members. Taken together, the miR-183/96/182 cluster not only represents an important regulator of PAX6 expression, but it also plays a crucial role in retinal tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Peskova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Jurcikova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krivanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Capandova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Sramkova
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sebestikova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Kolouskova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kotasova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Streit
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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