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Kapanadze T, Gamrekelashvili J, Sablotny S, Schroth FN, Xu Y, Chen R, Rong S, Shushakova N, Gueler F, Haller H, Limbourg FP. Validation of CSF-1 receptor (CD115) staining for analysis of murine monocytes by flow cytometry. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:573-582. [PMID: 38038378 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD115, the receptor for colony stimulating factor 1, is essential for survival and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages and is therefore frequently used to define monocyte subsets and their progenitors in immunological assays. However, CD115 surface expression and detection by flow cytometry is greatly influenced by cell isolation and processing methods, organ source, and disease context. In a systematic analysis of murine monocytes, we define experimental conditions that preserve or limit CD115 surface expression and staining by flow cytometry. We also find that, independent of conditions, CD115 surface levels are consistently lower in Ly6Clo monocytes than in Ly6Chi monocytes, with the exception of Ly6Clo monocytes in the bone marrow. Furthermore, in contrast to IL-34, the presence of colony stimulating factor 1 impairs CD115 antibody staining in a dose-dependent manner, which, in a model of ischemic kidney injury with elevated levels of colony stimulating factor 1, influenced quantification of kidney monocytes. Thus, staining and experimental conditions affect quantitative and qualitative analysis of monocytes and may influence experimental conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kapanadze
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D 30625, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Jaba Gamrekelashvili
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D 30625, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Stefan Sablotny
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D 30625, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Frauline Nicole Schroth
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D 30625, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Yuangao Xu
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D 30625, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Song Rong
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Nelli Shushakova
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
- Phenos GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Faikah Gueler
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
| | - Florian P Limbourg
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, D 30625, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D 30625, Germany
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Haensch VG, Neuwirth T, Steinmetzer J, Kloss F, Beckert R, Gräfe S, Kupfer S, Hertweck C. Metal-Free Aryl Cross-Coupling Directed by Traceless Linkers. Chemistry 2019; 25:16068-16073. [PMID: 31621964 PMCID: PMC6973076 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The metal-free, highly selective synthesis of biaryls poses a major challenge in organic synthesis. The scope and mechanism of a promising new approach to (hetero)biaryls by the photochemical fusion of aryl substituents tethered to a traceless sulfonamide linker (photosplicing) are reported. Interrogating photosplicing with varying reaction conditions and comparison of diverse synthetic probes (40 examples, including a suite of heterocycles) showed that the reaction has a surprisingly broad scope and involves neither metals nor radicals. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that the C-C bond is formed by an intramolecular photochemical process that involves an excited singlet state and traversal of a five-membered transition state, and thus consistent ipso-ipso coupling results. These results demonstrate that photosplicing is a unique aryl cross-coupling method in the excited state that can be applied to synthesize a broad range of biaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G. Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Toni Neuwirth
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Johannes Steinmetzer
- Institute for Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group AntiinfectivesLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)07745JenaGermany
| | - Rainer Beckert
- Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute for Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute for Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Chair of Natural Product ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena07743JenaGermany
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Krasowska M, Fritzsche A, Mehring M, Auer AA. Balancing Donor-Acceptor and Dispersion Effects in Heavy Main Group Element π Interactions: Effect of Substituents on the Pnictogen⋅⋅⋅π Arene Interaction. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2539-2552. [PMID: 31369692 PMCID: PMC6790748 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-level ab initio calculations using the DLPNO-CCSD(T) method in conjunction with the local energy decomposition (LED) were performed to investigate the nature of the intermolecular interaction in bismuth trichloride adducts with π arene systems. Special emphasis was put on the effect of substituents in the aromatic ring. For this purpose, benzene derivatives with one or three substituents (R=NO2 , CF3 , OCHO, OH, and NH2 ) were chosen and their influence on donor-acceptor interaction as well as on the overall interaction strength was examined. Local energy decomposition was performed to gain deeper insight into the composition of the interaction. Additionally, the study was extended to the intermolecular adducts of arsenic and antimony trichloride with benzene derivatives having one substituent (R=NO2 and NH2 ) in order to rationalize trends in the periodic table. The analysis of natural charges and frontier molecular orbitals shows that donor-acceptor interactions are of π→σ* type and that their strength correlates with charge transfer and orbital energy differences. An analysis of different bonding motifs (Bi⋅⋅⋅π arene, Bi⋅⋅⋅R, and Cl⋅⋅⋅π arene) shows that if dispersion and donor-acceptor interaction coincide as the donor highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the arene is delocalized over the π system, the M⋅⋅⋅π arene motif is preferred. If the donor HOMO is localized on the substituent, R⋅⋅⋅π arene bonding motifs are preferred. The Cl⋅⋅⋅π arene bonding motif is the least favorable with the lowest overall interaction energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Krasowska
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | | | - Michael Mehring
- Technische Universität ChemnitzStraße der Nationen 6209107ChemnitzGermany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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