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Peissert F, Plüss L, Giudice AM, Ongaro T, Villa A, Elsayed A, Nadal L, Dakhel Plaza S, Scietti L, Puca E, De Luca R, Forneris F, Neri D. Selection of a PD-1 blocking antibody from a novel fully human phage display library. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4486. [PMID: 36317676 PMCID: PMC9667898 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immunoregulatory target which is recognized by different monoclonal antibodies, approved for the therapy of multiple types of cancer. Different anti-PD-1 antibodies display different therapeutic properties and there is a pharmaceutical interest to generate and characterize novel anti-PD-1 antibodies. We screened multiple human antibody phage display libraries to target novel epitopes on the PD-1 surface and we discovered a unique and previously undescribed binding specificity (termed D12) from a new antibody library (termed AMG). The library featured antibody fragments in single-chain fragment variable (scFv) format, based on the IGHV3-23*03 (VH ) and IGKV1-39*01 (Vκ) genes. The D12 antibody was characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), cross-reacted with the Cynomolgus monkey antigen and bound to primary human T cells, as shown by flow cytometry. The antibody blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in vitro with an EC50 value which was comparable to the one of nivolumab, a clinically approved antibody. The fine details of the interaction between D12 and PD-1 were elucidated by x-ray crystallography of the complex at a 3.5 Å resolution, revealing an unprecedented conformational change at the N-terminus of PD-1 following D12 binding, as well as partial overlap with the binding site for the cognate PD-L1 and PD-L2 ligands which prevents their binding. The results of the study suggest that the expansion of antibody library repertoires may facilitate the discovery of novel binding specificities with unique properties that hold promises for the modulation of PD-1 activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Peissert
- Philochem AGOtelfingenSwitzerland
- Biomolecular Sciences and BiotechnologyUniversity School for Advanced Studies IUSS PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Louis Plüss
- Philochem AGOtelfingenSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich)ZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Tiziano Ongaro
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | | | - Abdullah Elsayed
- Philochem AGOtelfingenSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich)ZürichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Luigi Scietti
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | | | | | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AGOtelfingenSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich)ZürichSwitzerland
- Philogen SpASovicille (SI)Italy
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Atene CG, Fiorcari S, Mesini N, Alboni S, Martinelli S, Maccaferri M, Leonardi G, Potenza L, Luppi M, Maffei R, Marasca R. Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase 1 Mediates Survival Signals in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia via Kynurenine/Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated MCL1 Modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832263. [PMID: 35371054 PMCID: PMC8971515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) metabolic circuitry, comprising the first tryptophan (Trp) catabolite L-kynurenine (Kyn) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), has emerged as a mechanism of cancer immune evasion. Here, we investigated the functional role of the IDO1/Kyn/AHR axis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Our data show that CLL cells expressed an active form of the IDO1 enzyme and microenvironmental stimuli can positively modulate its expression. Interferon (IFN)-γ induces IDO1 expression through the Jak/STAT1 pathway and mediates Kyn production concomitantly with Trp consumption in CLL-conditioned media, while INCB018424 (ruxolitinib), a JAK1/2 inhibitor, impaired both effects. To characterize the involvement of IDO1 in leukemic cell maintenance, we overexpressed IDO1 by vector transfection measuring enhanced resistance to spontaneous apoptosis. IDO1 pro-survival influence was confirmed by treating CLL cells with Kyn, which mediated the increase of induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (MCL1). Conversely, AHR silencing or its blockade via CH-223191 improved the apoptosis of leukemic clones and mitigated MCL1 expression. Moreover, Kyn-treated CLL cells are less affected by the pro-apoptotic effect of ABT-199 (venetoclax), while CH-223191 showed synergistic/additive cytotoxicity with this drug. Lastly, targeting directly MCL1 in CLL cells with AMG-176, we abrogate the pro-survival effect of Kyn. In conclusion, our data identify IDO1/Kyn/AHR signaling as a new therapeutic target for CLL, describing for the first time its role in CLL pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Giacinto Atene
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Fiorcari
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mesini
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Martinelli
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Hematology Section, Policlinico, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Maccaferri
- Hematology Section, Policlinico, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Leonardi
- Hematology Section, Policlinico, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Hematology Section, Policlinico, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Hematology Section, Policlinico, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Hematology Section, Policlinico, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Hematology Section, Policlinico, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) of Modena, Modena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Marasca,
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Valentini F, Ferlin F, Tomarelli E, Mahmoudi H, Bagherzadeh M, Calamante M, Vaccaro L. A Waste-Minimized Approach to Cassar-Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG-Pd 0 Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:3359-3366. [PMID: 34240814 PMCID: PMC8457221 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three different Pd0 -based heterogeneous catalysts were developed and tested in the Cassar-Heck reaction (i. e., copper-free Sonogashira reaction) aiming at the definition of a waste minimized protocol. The cross-linked polymeric supports used in this investigation were designed to be adequate for different reaction media and were decorated with different pincer-type ionic ligands having the role of stabilizing the formation and dimension of palladium nanoparticles. Among the ionic tags tested, bis-imidazolium showed the best performances in terms of efficiency and durability of the metal catalytic system. Eventually, aqueous acetonitrile azeotrope was selected as the reaction medium as it allowed the best catalytic efficiency combined with easy recovery and reuse. Finally, the synergy between the selected catalyst and reaction medium allowed to obtain highly satisfactory isolated yields of a variety of substrates while using a low amount of metal catalyst. The high performance of the designed POLymeric Ionic TAG (POLITAG)-Pd0 , along with its good selectivity achieved in a copper-free process, also led to a simplified purification procedure allowing the minimization of the waste generated as also proven by the very low E-factor values (1.4-5) associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Valentini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Francesco Ferlin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Elena Tomarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Hamed Mahmoudi
- Chemistry DepartmentSharif University of TechnologyTehran P.O Box11155 3615Iran
| | - Mojtaba Bagherzadeh
- Chemistry DepartmentSharif University of TechnologyTehran P.O Box11155 3615Iran
| | - Massimo Calamante
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM)Via Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Department of Chemistry“U. Schiff”University of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 1350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
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