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Purwidyantri A, Azinheiro S, García Roldán A, Jaegerova T, Vilaça A, Machado R, Cerqueira MF, Borme J, Domingues T, Martins M, Alpuim P, Prado M. Integrated Approach from Sample-to-Answer for Grapevine Varietal Identification on a Portable Graphene Sensor Chip. ACS Sens 2023; 8:640-654. [PMID: 36657739 PMCID: PMC9973367 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Identifying grape varieties in wine, related products, and raw materials is of great interest for enology and to ensure its authenticity. However, these matrices' complexity and low DNA content make this analysis particularly challenging. Integrating DNA analysis with 2D materials, such as graphene, offers an advantageous pathway toward ultrasensitive DNA detection. Here, we show that monolayer graphene provides an optimal test bed for nucleic acid detection with single-base resolution. Graphene's ultrathinness creates a large surface area with quantum confinement in the perpendicular direction that, upon functionalization, provides multiple sites for DNA immobilization and efficient detection. Its highly conjugated electronic structure, high carrier mobility, zero-energy band gap with the associated gating effect, and chemical inertness explain graphene's superior performance. For the first time, we present a DNA-based analytic tool for grapevine varietal discrimination using an integrated portable biosensor based on a monolayer graphene field-effect transistor array. The system comprises a wafer-scale fabricated graphene chip operated under liquid gating and connected to a miniaturized electronic readout. The platform can distinguish closely related grapevine varieties, thanks to specific DNA probes immobilized on the sensor, demonstrating high specificity even for discriminating single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which is hard to achieve with a classical end-point polymerase chain reaction or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The sensor was operated in ultralow DNA concentrations, with a dynamic range of 1 aM to 0.1 nM and an attomolar detection limit of ∼0.19 aM. The reported biosensor provides a promising way toward developing decentralized analytical tools for tracking wine authenticity at different points of the food value chain, enabling data transmission and contributing to the digitalization of the agro-food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Purwidyantri
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
| | - Sarah Azinheiro
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary
Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, Lugo27002, Spain
| | - Aitor García Roldán
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary
Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, Lugo27002, Spain
| | - Tereza Jaegerova
- Department
of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague 6, Prague166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Vilaça
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
| | - Rofer Machado
- Centre
of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga4710-057, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima Cerqueira
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
- Center
of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto, University of Minho, Braga4710-057, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Borme
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
| | - Telma Domingues
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
- Center
of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto, University of Minho, Braga4710-057, Portugal
| | - Marco Martins
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alpuim
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
- Center
of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto, University of Minho, Braga4710-057, Portugal
| | - Marta Prado
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga4715-330, Portugal
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Künzel S, Yergaliyev T, Wild KJ, Philippi H, Petursdottir AH, Gunnlaugsdottir H, Reynolds CK, Humphries DJ, Camarinha-Silva A, Rodehutscord M. Methane Reduction Potential of Brown Seaweeds and Their Influence on Nutrient Degradation and Microbiota Composition in a Rumen Simulation Technique. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889618. [PMID: 35836418 PMCID: PMC9273974 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of two brown Icelandic seaweed samples (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus) on in vitro methane production, nutrient degradation, and microbiota composition. A total mixed ration (TMR) was incubated alone as control or together with each seaweed at two inclusion levels (2.5 and 5.0% on a dry matter basis) in a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) experiment. The incubation period lasted 14 days, with 7 days of adaptation and sampling. The methane concentration of total gas produced was decreased at the 5% inclusion level of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus by 8.9 and 3.6%, respectively (P < 0.001). The total gas production was reduced by all seaweeds, with a greater reduction for the 5% seaweed inclusion level (P < 0.001). Feed nutrient degradation and the production of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the effluent were also reduced, mostly with a bigger effect for the 5% inclusion level of both seaweeds, indicating a reduced overall fermentation (all P ≤ 0.001). Microbiota composition was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons from the rumen content of the donor cows, fermenter liquid and effluent at days 7 and 13, and feed residues at day 13. Relative abundances of the most abundant methanogens varied between the rumen fluid used for the start of incubation and the samples taken at day 7, as well as between days 7 and 13 in both fermenter liquid and effluent (P < 0.05). According to the differential abundance analysis with q2-ALDEx2, in effluent and fermenter liquid samples, archaeal and bacterial amplicon sequence variants were separated into two groups (P < 0.05). One was more abundant in samples taken from the treatment without seaweed supplementation, while the other one prevailed in seaweed supplemented treatments. This group also showed a dose-dependent response to seaweed inclusion, with a greater number of differentially abundant members between a 5% inclusion level and unsupplemented samples than between a 2.5% inclusion level and TMR. Although supplementation of both seaweeds at a 5% inclusion level decreased methane concentration in the total gas due to the high iodine content in the seaweeds tested, the application of practical feeding should be done with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Künzel
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Timur Yergaliyev
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina J. Wild
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanna Philippi
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Helga Gunnlaugsdottir
- Matís, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Chris K. Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Humphries
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Rodehutscord,
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Stergiadis S, Qin N, Faludi G, Beauclercq S, Pitt J, Desnica N, Pétursdóttir ÁH, Newton EE, Angelidis AE, Givens I, Humphries DJ, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Juniper DT. Mineral Concentrations in Bovine Milk from Farms with Contrasting Grazing Management. Foods 2021; 10:2733. [PMID: 34829015 PMCID: PMC8620383 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty conventional and twenty-four organic dairy farms were divided into equal numbers within system groups: high-pasture, standard-pasture, and low-pasture groups. Milk samples were collected monthly for 12 consecutive months. Milk from high-pasture organic farms contained less fat and protein than standard- and low-pasture organic farms, but more lactose than low-pasture organic farms. Grazing, concentrate feed intake and the contribution of non-Holstein breeds were the key drivers for these changes. Milk Ca and P concentrations were lower in standard-pasture conventional farms than the other conventional groups. Milk from low-pasture organic farms contained less Ca than high- and standard-pasture organic farms, while high-pasture organic farms produced milk with the highest Sn concentration. Differences in mineral concentrations were driven by the contribution of non-Holstein breeds, feeding practices, and grazing activity; but due to their relatively low numerical differences between groups, the subsequent impact on consumers' dietary mineral intakes would be minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Nanbing Qin
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Gergely Faludi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
- Georgikon Campus, Szent Istvan University, Deák Ferenc u. 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Stephane Beauclercq
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Joe Pitt
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Natasa Desnica
- Matís Ltd., Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavik, Iceland; (N.D.); (Á.H.P.); (H.G.)
| | | | - Eric E. Newton
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Angelos E. Angelidis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Ian Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK;
| | - David J. Humphries
- Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Hall Farm House, Church Ln, Reading RG2 9HX, UK;
| | - Helga Gunnlaugsdóttir
- Matís Ltd., Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavik, Iceland; (N.D.); (Á.H.P.); (H.G.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Darren T. Juniper
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
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Colombino E, Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Bellezza Oddon S, Caimi C, Gariglio M, Dabbou S, Caramori M, Battisti E, Zanet S, Ferroglio E, Cocolin L, Gasco L, Schiavone A, Capucchio MT. Effect of Insect Live Larvae as Environmental Enrichment on Poultry Gut Health: Gut Mucin Composition, Microbiota and Local Immune Response Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2819. [PMID: 34679839 PMCID: PMC8532707 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) live larvae as environmental enrichment on the mucin composition, local immune response and microbiota of broilers. A total of 180 four-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment; ten animals/replicate): (i) control (C); (ii) C+HI; (iii) C+TM. Live larvae were distributed based on 5% of the expected daily feed intake. At slaughter (39 days of age), samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (twelve animals/diet) were submitted to mucin histochemical evaluation. Expression of MUC-2 and cytokines was evaluated by rt-qPCR in jejunum. Mucin staining intensity was not influenced by diet (p > 0.05); however, this varied depending on the intestinal segment (p < 0.001). No significant differences were recorded for IL-4, IL-6 TNF-α, MUC-2 and INF-γ gene expression in jejunum, while IL-2 was lower in the TM group compared to HI and C (p = 0.044). Caecal microbiota showed higher abundance of Clostridium, Saccharibacteria and Victivallaceae in the HI group, while Collinsella was higher in the TM group. The results suggested that live insect larvae did not impair mucin composition or local immune response, and can slightly improve caecal microbiota by enhancing a minor fraction of short chain fatty acid-producing taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Sara Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Marta Gariglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
| | - Marta Caramori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Elena Battisti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Roumani F, Azinheiro S, Sousa H, Sousa A, Timóteo M, Varandas T, Fonseca-Silva D, Baldaque I, Carvalho J, Prado M, Garrido-Maestu A. Optimization and Clinical Evaluation of a Multi-Target Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Samples. Viruses 2021; 13:940. [PMID: 34069710 PMCID: PMC8161362 DOI: 10.3390/v13050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, which has spread worldwide, affecting more than 200 countries, infecting over 140 million people in one year. The gold standard to identify infected people is RT-qPCR, which is highly sensitive, but needs specialized equipment and trained personnel. The demand for these reagents has caused shortages in certain countries. Isothermal nucleic acid techniques, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) have emerged as an alternative or as a complement to RT-qPCR. In this study, we developed and evaluated a multi-target RT-LAMP for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The method was evaluated against an RT-qPCR in 152 clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples. The results obtained indicated that both assays presented a "good concordance" (Cohen's k of 0.69), the RT-LAMP was highly specific (99%) but had lower sensitivity compared to the gold standard (63.3%). The calculated low sensitivity was associated with samples with very low viral load (RT-qPCR Cq values higher than 35) which may be associated with non-infectious individuals. If an internal Cq threshold below 35 was set, the sensitivity and Cohen's k increased to 90.9% and 0.92, respectively. The interpretation of the Cohen's k for this was "very good concordance". The RT-LAMP is an attractive approach for frequent individual testing in decentralized setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Roumani
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (F.R.); (S.A.); (J.C.); (M.P.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Sarah Azinheiro
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (F.R.); (S.A.); (J.C.); (M.P.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.V.); (D.F.-S.); (I.B.)
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Sousa
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.V.); (D.F.-S.); (I.B.)
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Mafalda Timóteo
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Tatiana Varandas
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.V.); (D.F.-S.); (I.B.)
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Daniela Fonseca-Silva
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.V.); (D.F.-S.); (I.B.)
| | - Inês Baldaque
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (H.S.); (A.S.); (T.V.); (D.F.-S.); (I.B.)
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (F.R.); (S.A.); (J.C.); (M.P.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta Prado
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (F.R.); (S.A.); (J.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Alejandro Garrido-Maestu
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (F.R.); (S.A.); (J.C.); (M.P.)
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