1
|
Morin C, Grieve J. The semantics, sociolinguistics, and origins of double modals in American English: New insights from social media. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295799. [PMID: 38265988 PMCID: PMC10807846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze double modal use in American English based on a multi-billion-word corpus of geolocated posts from the social media platform Twitter. We identify and map 76 distinct double modals totaling 5,349 examples, many more types and tokens of double modals than have ever been observed. These descriptive results show that double modal structure and use in American English is far more complex than has generally been assumed. We then consider the relevance of these results to three current theoretical debates. First, we demonstrate that although there are various semantic tendencies in the types of modals that most often combine, there are no absolute constraints on double modal formation in American English. Most surprisingly, our results suggest that double modals are used productively across the US. Second, we argue that there is considerable dialect variation in double modal use in the southern US, with double modals generally being most strongly associated with African American Language, especially in the Deep South. This result challenges previous sociolinguistic research, which has often highlighted double modal use in White Southern English, especially in Appalachia. Third, we consider how these results can help us better understand the origins of double modals in America English: although it has generally been assumed that double modals were introduced by Scots-Irish settlers, we believe our results are more consistent with the hypothesis that double modals are an innovation of African American Language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Morin
- Department of English, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jack Grieve
- Department of English Language and Linguistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Charoy J, Samuel AG. Bad maps may not always get you lost: Lexically driven perceptual recalibration for substituted phonemes. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2437-2458. [PMID: 37264293 PMCID: PMC10234583 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The speech perception system adjusts its phoneme categories based on the current speech input and lexical context. This is known as lexically driven perceptual recalibration, and it is often assumed to underlie accommodation to non-native accented speech. However, recalibration studies have focused on maximally ambiguous sounds (e.g., a sound ambiguous between "sh" and "s" in a word like "superpower"), a scenario that does not represent the full range of variation present in accented speech. Indeed, non-native speakers sometimes completely substitute a phoneme for another, rather than produce an ambiguous segment (e.g., saying "shuperpower"). This has been called a "bad map" in the literature. In this study, we scale up the lexically driven recalibration paradigm to such cases. Because previous research suggests that the position of the critically accented phoneme modulates the success of recalibration, we include such a manipulation in our study. And to ensure that participants treat all critical items as words (an important point for successful recalibration), we use a new exposure task that incentivizes them to do so. Our findings suggest that while recalibration is most robust after exposure to ambiguous sounds, it also occurs after exposure to bad maps. But interestingly, positional effects may be reversed: recalibration was more likely for ambiguous sounds late in words, but more likely for bad maps occurring early in words. Finally, a comparison of an online versus in-lab version of these conditions shows that experimental setting may have a non-trivial effect on the results of recalibration studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Charoy
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Arthur G Samuel
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reinhartz A, Strobach T, Jacobsen T, von Bastian CC. Mechanisms of Training-Related Change in Processing Speed: A Drift-Diffusion Model Approach. J Cogn 2023; 6:46. [PMID: 37600217 PMCID: PMC10437139 DOI: 10.5334/joc.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing speed is a crucial ability that changes over the course of the lifespan. Training interventions on processing speed have shown promising effects and have been associated with improved cognitive functioning. While training-related changes in processing speed are often studied using reaction times (RTs) and error rates, these measures provide limited insight into the mechanisms underlying changes during training. The drift-diffusion model provides estimates of the cognitive processes underlying speeded decision tasks, such as the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate), response strategies (boundary separation), as well as time for other processes such as stimulus encoding and motor response (non-decision time). In the current study, we analyzed existing data of an extensive multi-session training intervention (von Bastian & Oberauer, 2013) to disentangle changes in drift rate, boundary separation, and non-decision time during training of different speeded choice-RT tasks. During this training intervention, 30 participants performed 20 training sessions over the course of four weeks, completing three tasks each session: a face-matching, a pattern-matching, and a digit-matching task. Our results show that processing speed training increased drift rates throughout training. Boundary separation and non-decision time decreased mostly during the initial parts of training. This pattern of prolonged training-related changes in rate of evidence accumulation as well as early changes in response strategy and non-decision processes was observed across all three tasks. Future research should investigate how these training-related changes relate to improvements in cognitive functioning more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Reinhartz
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobsen
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iachan L, Moreau F, Heritage P, Valiati L, Silva ES. How does urban violence impact choices of cultural participation? The case of the Maré favela complex in Rio de Janeiro. J Cult Econ (Dordr) 2022; 47:1-33. [PMID: 38625298 PMCID: PMC9716548 DOI: 10.1007/s10824-022-09465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The impact of urban violence on society has been the subject of several studies, but the consequences of fear for habits of cultural consumption are missing in cultural economics research. This article investigates whether the fear of urban violence explains individuals' choice between different options of cultural participation with a particular focus on the activities of watching movies and listening to music. Based on individual data from a survey conducted in 2019 with 1211 residents from a conglomeration of sixteen favelas (slums) located in the Maré neighbourhood in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), this study employs Simultaneous Bivariate Ordered Probit Models to verify the association between individuals' fear of violence and their choice of consuming culture in private or public spaces. Controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and territorial variables, the findings indicate that consuming culture in private spaces is a substitute for public spaces when individuals are more afraid of violence. The results presented in this work provide evidence for the design and implementation of policies targeting territories impacted by high levels of violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Iachan
- Centre de recherche en économie et gestion (CEPN) & LabEx ICCA, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, Villetaneuse, France
| | - François Moreau
- Centre de recherche en économie et gestion (CEPN) & LabEx ICCA, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Paul Heritage
- School of English and Drama, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London, UK
| | - Leandro Valiati
- School of Arts, Languages and Culture, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
DelPozo-Banos M, Lee SC, Friedmann Y, Akbari A, Torabi F, Lloyd K, Lyons RA, John A. Healthcare contacts with self-harm during COVID-19: An e-cohort whole-population-based study using individual-level linked routine electronic health records in Wales, UK, 2016-March 2021. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266967. [PMID: 35476839 PMCID: PMC9045644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reduced rates of help seeking by those who self-harmed during the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported. OBJECTIVES To understand changes in healthcare service contacts for self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic across primary, emergency and secondary care. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used routine electronic healthcare data for Wales, United Kingdom, from 2016 to March 14, 2021. Population-based data from primary care, emergency departments and hospital admissions were linked at individual-level. All Welsh residents aged ≥10 years over the study period were included in the study. Primary, emergency and secondary care contacts with self-harm at any time between 2016 and March 14, 2021 were identified. Outcomes were counts, incidence, prevalence and proportion of self-harm contacts relative to all contacts in each and all settings, as well as the proportion of people contacting one or more settings with self-harm. Weekly trends were modelled using generalised estimated equations, with differences between 2020 (to March 2021) and comparison years 2016-2018 (to March 2017-2019) quantified using difference in differences, from which mean rate of odds ratios (μROR) across years was reported. RESULTS The study included 3,552,210 individuals over the study period. Self-harm contacts reduced across services in March and December 2020 compared to previous years. Primary care contacts with self-harm reduced disproportionately compared to non-self-harm contacts (μROR = 0.7, p<0.05), while their proportion increased in emergency departments during April 2020 (μROR = 1.3, p<0.05 in 2/3 comparison years) and hospital admissions during April-May 2020 (μROR = 1.2, p<0.05 in 2/3 comparison years). Despite this, those who self-harmed in April 2020 were more likely to be seen in primary care than other settings compared to previous years (μROR = 1.2, p<0.05). A lower proportion of those with self-harm contacts in emergency departments were subsequently admitted to hospital in December 2020 compared to previous years (μROR = 0.5, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that those who self-harmed during the COVID-19 pandemic may have been less likely to seek help, and those who did so faced more stringent criteria for admission. Communications encouraging those who self-harm to seek help during pandemics may be beneficial. However, this needs to be supported by maintained provision of mental health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. C. Lee
- Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Y. Friedmann
- Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - A. Akbari
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - F. Torabi
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - K. Lloyd
- Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Lyons
- Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - A. John
- Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vazquez C, Valiente C, García FE, Contreras A, Peinado V, Trucharte A, Bentall RP. Post-Traumatic Growth and Stress-Related Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a National Representative Sample: The Role of Positive Core Beliefs About the World and Others. J Happiness Stud 2021; 22:2915-2935. [PMID: 33456320 PMCID: PMC7798377 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-020-00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Given the need to understand both the negative and positive psychological consequences of the current global COVID-19 pandemic (Brewin et al. in Perspectives in Public Health 10.1177/1757913920957365 2020), the aim of this study was to test a cognitive model of post-traumatic symptoms (PTS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) during confinement caused by the SARS-COV-2 epidemic. In line with cognitive models of trauma elaboration (Park in Psychological Bulletin 10.1037/a0018301), we included in our model some beliefs associated to the world (e.g., primal beliefs about a good world), to the self (e.g., death anxiety or orientation toward the future) and to others (e.g., suspiciousness or identification with humanity). To evaluate the explanatory model, a national representative sample of adults between the ages of 18 and 75 (N = 1951) was surveyed between 7th and 13th April, 2020, in the middle of a strict 7-week national confinement. Structural equation modelling yielded a very similar model to the one initially specified. The results highlight the role of both negative and positive core beliefs, which are pertinent to the current pandemic threat, in the appearance of PTS and PTG, respectively. In short, primal beliefs about a good world, openness to the future and identification with humanity were associated with PTG; while suspiciousness, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety about death and also identification with humanity were associated with PTS and consequent impairment. This is an innovative study of different pathways to traumatic responses and growth during a pandemic. Future research is needed to replicate its findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Vazquez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Valiente
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe E. García
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicaciones, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alba Contreras
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Peinado
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Trucharte
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kielmann K, Karat AS, Zwama G, Colvin C, Swartz A, Voce AS, Yates TA, MacGregor H, McCreesh N, Kallon I, Vassall A, Govender I, Seeley J, Grant AD. Tuberculosis infection prevention and control: why we need a whole systems approach. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:56. [PMID: 32450916 PMCID: PMC7249303 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures to reduce transmission of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) in health facilities are well described but poorly implemented. The implementation of TB IPC has been assessed primarily through quantitative and structured approaches that treat administrative, environmental, and personal protective measures as discrete entities. We present an on-going project entitled Umoya omuhle ("good air"), conducted in two provinces of South Africa, that adopts an interdisciplinary, 'whole systems' approach to problem analysis and intervention development for reducing nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through improved IPC. We suggest that TB IPC represents a complex intervention that is delivered within a dynamic context shaped by policy guidelines, health facility space, infrastructure, organisation of care, and management culture. Methods drawn from epidemiology, anthropology, and health policy and systems research enable rich contextual analysis of how nosocomial Mtb transmission occurs, as well as opportunities to address the problem holistically. A 'whole systems' approach can identify leverage points within the health facility infrastructure and organisation of care that can inform the design of interventions to reduce the risk of nosocomial Mtb transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kielmann
- The Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, EH21 6UU UK
| | - Aaron S. Karat
- The Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, EH21 6UU UK
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gimenne Zwama
- The Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, EH21 6UU UK
| | - Christopher Colvin
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison Swartz
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna S. Voce
- Discipline Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tom A. Yates
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hayley MacGregor
- The Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Nicky McCreesh
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Idriss Kallon
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna Vassall
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Indira Govender
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Janet Seeley
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alison D. Grant
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|