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Liu K, Shi L, Luo H, Zhang K, Liu J, Qiu S, Li X, He S, Liu Z. Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAK suppresses homodimerization of the host transcription factor ERF098 to enhance susceptibility and the sensitivity of pepper plants to dehydration. Plant J 2024; 117:121-144. [PMID: 37738430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to defend against invasion by pathogens. In response, pathogens deploy copious effectors to evade the immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms used by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity remain unclear. Herein, we report that an effector secreted by Ralstonia solanacearum, RipAK, modulates the transcriptional activity of the ethylene-responsive factor ERF098 to suppress immunity and dehydration tolerance, which causes bacterial wilt in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Silencing ERF098 enhances the resistance of pepper plants to R. solanacearum infection not only by inhibiting the host colonization of R. solanacearum but also by increasing the immunity and tolerance of pepper plants to dehydration and including the closure of stomata to reduce the loss of water in an abscisic acid signal-dependent manner. In contrast, the ectopic expression of ERF098 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances wilt disease. We also show that RipAK targets and inhibits the ERF098 homodimerization to repress the expression of salicylic acid-dependent PR1 and dehydration tolerance-related OSR1 and OSM1 by cis-elements in their promoters. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism used by the R. solanacearum effector RipAK to increase virulence by specifically inhibiting the homodimerization of ERF098 and reprogramming the transcription of PR1, OSR1, and OSM1 to boost susceptibility and dehydration sensitivity. Thus, our study sheds light on a previously unidentified strategy by which a pathogen simultaneously suppresses plant immunity and tolerance to dehydration by secreting an effector to interfere with the activity of a transcription factor and manipulate plant transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lanping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Cheng W, Jiang Y, Peng J, Guo J, Lin M, Jin C, Huang J, Tang W, Guan D, He S. The transcriptional reprograming and functional identification of WRKY family members in pepper's response to Phytophthora capsici infection. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:256. [PMID: 32493221 PMCID: PMC7271409 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant transcription factors (TFs) are key transcriptional regulators to manipulate the regulatory network of host immunity. However, the globally transcriptional reprogramming of plant TF families in response to pathogens, especially between the resistant and susceptible host plants, remains largely unknown. RESULTS Here, we performed time-series RNA-seq from a resistant pepper line CM334 and a susceptible pepper line EC01 upon challenged with Phytophthora capsici, and enrichment analysis indicated that WRKY family most significantly enriched in both CM334 and EC01. Interestingly, we found that nearly half of the WRKY family members were significantly up-regulated, whereas none of them were down-regulated in the two lines. These induced WRKY genes were greatly overlapped between CM334 and EC01. More strikingly, most of these induced WRKY genes were expressed in time-order patterns, and could be mainly divided into three subgroups: early response (3 h-up), mid response (24 h-up) and mid-late response (ML-up) genes. Moreover, it was found that the responses of these ML-up genes were several hours delayed in EC01. Furthermore, a total of 19 induced WRKY genes were selected for functional identification by virus-induced gene silencing. The result revealed that silencing of CaWRKY03-6, CaWRKY03-7, CaWRKY06-5 or CaWRKY10-4 significantly increase the susceptibility to P. capsici both in CM334 and EC01, indicating that they might contribute to pepper's basal defense against P. capsici; while silencing of CaWRKY08-4 and CaWRKY01-10 significantly impaired the disease resistance in CM334 but not in EC01, suggesting that these two WRKY genes are prominent modulators specifically in the resistant pepper plants. CONCLUSIONS These results considerably extend our understanding of WRKY gene family in pepper's resistance against P. capsici and provide potential applications for genetic improvement against phytophthora blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jiangtao Peng
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Menglan Lin
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chengting Jin
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Weiqi Tang
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Minister Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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