Chhim S, Te V, Buffel V, van Olmen J, Chham S, Long S, Yem S, Van Damme W, Wouters E, Por I. Healthcare usage and expenditure among people with type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension in Cambodia: results from a cross-sectional survey.
BMJ Open 2023;
13:e061959. [PMID:
36635032 PMCID:
PMC9843177 DOI:
10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061959]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To assess usage of public and private healthcare, related healthcare expenditure, and associated factors for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or hypertension (HTN) and for people without those conditions in Cambodia.
METHODS
A cross-sectional household survey.
SETTINGS
Five operational districts (ODs) in Cambodia.
PARTICIPANTS
Data were from 2360 participants aged ≥40 years who had used healthcare services at least once in the 3 months preceding the survey.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME
The main variables of interest were the number of healthcare visits and healthcare expenditure in the last 3 months.
RESULTS
The majority of healthcare visits took place in the private sector. Only 22.0% of healthcare visits took place in public healthcare facilities: 21.7% in people with HTN, 37.2% in people with T2D, 34.7% in people with T2D plus HTN and 18.9% in people without the two conditions (p value <0.01). For people with T2D and/or HTN, increased public healthcare use was significantly associated with Health Equity Fund (HEF) membership and living in ODs with community-based care. Furthermore, significant healthcare expenditure reduction was associated with HEF membership and using public healthcare facilities in these populations.
CONCLUSION
Overall public healthcare usage was relatively low; however, it was higher in people with chronic conditions. HEF membership and community-based care contributed to higher public healthcare usage among people with chronic conditions. Using public healthcare services, regardless of HEF status reduced healthcare expenditure, but the reduction in spending was more noticeable in people with HEF membership. To protect people with T2D and/or HTN from financial risk and move towards the direction of universal health coverage, the public healthcare system should further improve care quality and expand social health protection. Future research should link healthcare use and expenditure across different healthcare models to actual treatment outcomes to denote areas for further investment.
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