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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Martinez-Tellez B, Alcantara JMA, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR. Sex-specific dose-response effects of a 24-week supervised concurrent exercise intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength in young adults: The ACTIBATE randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14507. [PMID: 37787096 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent training has been postulated as an appropriate time-efficient strategy to improve physical fitness, yet whether the exercise-induced adaptations are similar in men and women is unknown. An unblinded randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate sex-specific dose-response effects of a 24-week supervised concurrent exercise training program on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength in young adults. One hundred and forty-four sedentary adults aged 18-25 years were assigned to either (i) a control group (n = 54), (ii) a moderate intensity exercise group (MOD-EX, n = 46), or (iii) a vigorous intensity exercise group (VIG-EX, n = 44) by unrestricted randomization. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max ), hand grip strength, and one-repetition maximum of leg press and bench press were evaluated at baseline and after the intervention. A total of 102 participants finished the intervention (Control, n = 36; 52% women, MOD-EX, n = 37; 70% women, and VIG-EX, n = 36; 72% women). In men, VO2max significantly increased in the MOD-EX (~8%) compared with the control group and in the VIG-EX group after the intervention (~6.5%). In women, VO2max increased in the MOD-EX and VIG-EX groups (~5.5%) compared with the control group after the intervention. There was a significant increment of leg press in the MOD-EX (~15.5%) and VIG-EX (~18%) groups compared with the control group (~1%) in women. A 24-week supervised concurrent exercise was effective at improving cardiorespiratory fitness and lower body limbs muscular strength in young women-independently of the predetermined intensity-while only at moderate intensity improved cardiorespiratory fitness in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
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Acosta FM, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, A. Alcantara JM, Acosta-Manzano P, Morales-Artacho AJ, R. Ruiz J. Physiological responses to acute cold exposure in young lean men. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196543. [PMID: 29734360 PMCID: PMC5937792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe the physiological responses to an acute bout of mild cold in young lean men (n = 11, age: 23 ± 2 years, body mass index: 23.1 ± 1.2 kg/m2) to better understand the underlying mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis and how it is regulated. Resting energy expenditure, substrate metabolism, skin temperature, thermal comfort perception, superficial muscle activity, hemodynamics of the forearm and abdominal regions, and heart rate variability were measured under warm conditions (22.7 ± 0.2°C) and during an individualized cooling protocol (air-conditioning and water cooling vest) in a cold room (19.4 ± 0.1°C). The temperature of the cooling vest started at 16.6°C and decreased ~ 1.4°C every 10 minutes until participants shivered (93.5 ± 26.3 min). All measurements were analysed across 4 periods: warm period, at 31% and at 64% of individual´s cold exposure time until shivering occurred, and at the shivering threshold. Energy expenditure increased from warm period to 31% of cold exposure by 16.7% (P = 0.078) and to the shivering threshold by 31.7% (P = 0.023). Fat oxidation increased by 72.6% from warm period to 31% of cold exposure (P = 0.004), whereas no changes occurred in carbohydrates oxidation. As shivering came closer, the skin temperature and thermal comfort perception decreased (all P<0.05), except in the supraclavicular skin temperature, which did not change (P>0.05). Furthermore, the superficial muscle activation increased at the shivering threshold. It is noteworthy that the largest physiological changes occurred during the first 30 minutes of cold exposure, when the participants felt less discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. Acosta
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. A. Alcantara
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Acosta-Manzano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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