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Chen Z, Li M, Chen P, Tai A, Li J, Bassonga EL, Gao J, Liu D, Wood D, Kennedy BF, Zheng Q, Zheng MH. Mechanical overload-induced release of extracellular mitochondrial particles from tendon cells leads to inflammation in tendinopathy. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:583-599. [PMID: 38424192 PMCID: PMC10985099 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP9%) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP0%, mEP3%, and mEP6%. Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP9%. These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Chen
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Joint Osteopathy and Traumatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Peilin Chen
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew Tai
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiayue Li
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Euphemie Landao Bassonga
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Junjie Gao
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Delin Liu
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David Wood
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Department of Joint Osteopathy and Traumatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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