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Vogel JU, Schmidt S, Schmidt D, Rothweiler F, Koch B, Baer P, Rabenau H, Michel D, Stamminger T, Michaelis M, Cinatl J. The Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist Eltrombopag Inhibits Human Cytomegalovirus Replication Via Iron Chelation. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010031. [PMID: 31861948 PMCID: PMC7017049 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag was successfully used against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-associated thrombocytopenia refractory to immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs. These effects were ascribed to the effects of eltrombopag on megakaryocytes. Here, we tested whether eltrombopag may also exert direct antiviral effects. Therapeutic eltrombopag concentrations inhibited HCMV replication in human fibroblasts and adult mesenchymal stem cells infected with six different virus strains and drug-resistant clinical isolates. Eltrombopag also synergistically increased the anti-HCMV activity of the mainstay drug ganciclovir. Time-of-addition experiments suggested that eltrombopag interfered with HCMV replication after virus entry. Eltrombopag was effective in thrombopoietin receptor-negative cells, and the addition of Fe3+ prevented the anti-HCMV effects, indicating that it inhibits HCMV replication via iron chelation. This may be of particular interest for the treatment of cytopenias after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as HCMV reactivation is a major reason for transplantation failure. Since therapeutic eltrombopag concentrations are effective against drug-resistant viruses, and synergistically increase the effects of ganciclovir, eltrombopag is also a drug-repurposing candidate for the treatment of therapy-refractory HCMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Uwe Vogel
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-U.V.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (F.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Sophie Schmidt
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-U.V.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (F.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-U.V.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (F.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-U.V.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (F.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Benjamin Koch
- Medizinische Klinik III, Nephrologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (B.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrick Baer
- Medizinische Klinik III, Nephrologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (B.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Holger Rabenau
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-U.V.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (F.R.); (H.R.)
| | - Detlef Michel
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industry Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (M.M.); Tel.: +49-69-678665-72 (J.C.); +44-1227-82-7804 (M.M.)
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.-U.V.); (S.S.); (D.S.); (F.R.); (H.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (M.M.); Tel.: +49-69-678665-72 (J.C.); +44-1227-82-7804 (M.M.)
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Saintas E, Abrahams L, Ahmad GT, Ajakaiye AOM, AlHumaidi ASHAM, Ashmore-Harris C, Clark I, Dura UK, Fixmer CN, Ike-Morris C, Mato Prado M, Mccullough D, Mishra S, Schöler KMU, Timur H, Williamson MDC, Alatsatianos M, Bahsoun B, Blackburn E, Hogwood CE, Lithgow PE, Rowe M, Yiangou L, Rothweiler F, Cinatl J, Zehner R, Baines AJ, Garrett MD, Gourlay CW, Griffin DK, Gullick WJ, Hargreaves E, Howard MJ, Lloyd DR, Rossman JS, Smales CM, Tsaousis AD, von der Haar T, Wass MN, Michaelis M. Acquired resistance to oxaliplatin is not directly associated with increased resistance to DNA damage in SK-N-ASrOXALI4000, a newly established oxaliplatin-resistant sub-line of the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-AS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172140. [PMID: 28192521 PMCID: PMC5305101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of acquired drug resistance is a major reason for the failure of anti-cancer therapies after initial response. Here, we introduce a novel model of acquired oxaliplatin resistance, a sub-line of the non-MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-AS that was adapted to growth in the presence of 4000 ng/mL oxaliplatin (SK-N-ASrOXALI4000). SK-N-ASrOXALI4000 cells displayed enhanced chromosomal aberrations compared to SK-N-AS, as indicated by 24-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Moreover, SK-N-ASrOXALI4000 cells were resistant not only to oxaliplatin but also to the two other commonly used anti-cancer platinum agents cisplatin and carboplatin. SK-N-ASrOXALI4000 cells exhibited a stable resistance phenotype that was not affected by culturing the cells for 10 weeks in the absence of oxaliplatin. Interestingly, SK-N-ASrOXALI4000 cells showed no cross resistance to gemcitabine and increased sensitivity to doxorubicin and UVC radiation, alternative treatments that like platinum drugs target DNA integrity. Notably, UVC-induced DNA damage is thought to be predominantly repaired by nucleotide excision repair and nucleotide excision repair has been described as the main oxaliplatin-induced DNA damage repair system. SK-N-ASrOXALI4000 cells were also more sensitive to lysis by influenza A virus, a candidate for oncolytic therapy, than SK-N-AS cells. In conclusion, we introduce a novel oxaliplatin resistance model. The oxaliplatin resistance mechanisms in SK-N-ASrOXALI4000 cells appear to be complex and not to directly depend on enhanced DNA repair capacity. Models of oxaliplatin resistance are of particular relevance since research on platinum drugs has so far predominantly focused on cisplatin and carboplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Saintas
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Abrahams
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gulshan T. Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Iain Clark
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Usha K. Dura
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Carine N. Fixmer
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mireia Mato Prado
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shishir Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Husne Timur
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Basma Bahsoun
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Blackburn
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E. Hogwood
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela E. Lithgow
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Rowe
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Lyto Yiangou
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard Zehner
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anthony J. Baines
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Darren K. Griffin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Hargreaves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Howard
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Lloyd
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S. Rossman
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - C. Mark Smales
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark N. Wass
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Michaelis
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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