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Vita Damasceno JP, Picheau E, Hof F, Zarbin AJG, Pénicaud A, Drummond C. Influence of Defects and Charges on the Colloidal Stabilization of Graphene in Water. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303508. [PMID: 38369596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mastering graphene preparation is an essential step to its integration into practical applications. For large-scale purposes, full graphite exfoliation appears as a suitable route for graphene production. However, it requires overpowering attractive van der Waals forces demanding large energy input, with the risk of introducing defects in the material. This difficulty can be overcome by using graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) as starting material. The greater inter-sheet separation in GICs (compared with graphite) allows the gentler exfoliation of soluble graphenide (reduced graphene) flakes. A solvent exchange strategy, accompanied by the oxidation of graphenide to graphene, can be implemented to produce stable aqueous graphene dispersions (Eau de graphene, EdG), which can be readily incorporated into many processes or materials. In this work, we prove that electrostatic forces are responsible for the stability of fully exfoliated graphene in water, and explore the influence of the oxidation and solvent exchange procedures on the quality and stability of EdG. We show that the amount of defects in graphene is limited if graphenide oxidation is carried out before exposing the material to water, and that gas removal of water before the incorporation of pre-oxidized graphene is advantageous for the long-term stability of EdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Vita Damasceno
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Picheau
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ferdinand Hof
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aldo J G Zarbin
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Drummond
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
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