1
|
Cai M, Li C, An X, Zhong B, Zhou Y, Feng K, Wang S, Zhang C, Xiao M, Wu Z, He J, Wu C, Shen J, Zhu Z, Feng K, Zhong J, He L. Supra-Photothermal CO 2 Methanation over Greenhouse-Like Plasmonic Superstructures of Ultrasmall Cobalt Nanoparticles. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2308859. [PMID: 37931240 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Improving the solar-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency of photothermal nanomaterials at no expense of other physicochemical properties, e.g., the catalytic reactivity of metal nanoparticles, is highly desired for diverse applications but remains a big challenge. Herein, a synergistic strategy is developed for enhanced photothermal conversion by a greenhouse-like plasmonic superstructure of 4 nm cobalt nanoparticles while maintaining their intrinsic catalytic reactivity. The silica shell plays a key role in retaining the plasmonic superstructures for efficient use of the full solar spectrum, and reducing the heat loss of cobalt nanoparticles via the nano-greenhouse effect. The optimized plasmonic superstructure catalyst exhibits supra-photothermal CO2 methanation performance with a record-high rate of 2.3 mol gCo -1 h-1 , close to 100% CH4 selectivity, and desirable catalytic stability. This work reveals the great potential of nanoscale greenhouse effect in enhancing photothermal conversions through the combination with conventional promoting strategies, shedding light on the design of efficient photothermal nanomaterials for demanding applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujin Cai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xingda An
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Biqing Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kun Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shenghua Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Xiao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiari He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chunpeng Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Le He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong B, Cai M, Liu S, He J, Wang J, Feng K, Tolstoy VP, Jiang L, Li C, An X, He L. Modulation of the Structure-function Relationship of the "nano-greenhouse effect" towards Optimized Supra-photothermal Catalysis. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301077. [PMID: 38153206 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal catalytic CO2 hydrogenation holds great promise for relieving the global environment and energy crises. The "nano-greenhouse effect" has been recognized as a crucial strategy for improving the heat management capabilities of a photothermal catalyst by ameliorating the convective and radiative heat losses. Yet it remains unclear to what degree the respective heat transfer and mass transport efficiencies depend on the specific structures. Herein, the structure-function relationship of the "nano-greenhouse effect" was investigated and optimized in a prototypical Ni@SiO2 core-shell catalyst towards photothermal CO2 catalysis. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that modulation of the thickness and porosity of the SiO2 nanoshell leads to variations in both heat preservation and mass transport properties. This work deepens the understandings on the contributing factor of the "nano-greenhouse effect" towards enhanced photothermal conversion. It also provides insights on the design principles of an ideal photothermal catalyst in balancing heat management and mass transport processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Mujin Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Shuang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Jiari He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Kai Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Valeri P Tolstoy
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Lin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Chaoran Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Xingda An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| | - Le He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang Q, Chu M, Xu P, Wang X, Wang S, Cao M, Ivasenko O, Sham TK, Zhang Q, Sun Q, Chen J. Entropy Confinement Promotes Hydrogenolysis Activity for Polyethylene Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313174. [PMID: 37799095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical upcycling that catalyzes waste plastics back to high-purity chemicals holds great promise in end-of-life plastics valorization. One of the main challenges in this process is the thermodynamic limitations imposed by the high intrinsic entropy of polymer chains, which makes their adsorption on catalysts unfavorable and the transition state unstable. Here, we overcome this challenge by inducing the catalytic reaction inside mesoporous channels, which possess a strong confined ability to polymer chains, allowing for stabilization of the transition state. This approach involves the synthesis of p-Ru/SBA catalysts, in which Ru nanoparticles are uniformly distributed within the channels of an SBA-15 support, using a precise impregnation method. The unique design of the p-Ru/SBA catalyst has demonstrated significant improvements in catalytic performance for the conversion of polyethylene into high-value liquid fuels, particularly diesel. The catalyst achieved a high solid conversion rate of 1106 g ⋅ gRu -1 ⋅ h-1 at 230 °C. Comparatively, this catalytic activity is 4.9 times higher than that of a control catalyst, Ru/SiO2 , and 14.0 times higher than that of a commercial catalyst, Ru/C, at 240 °C. This remarkable catalytic activity opens up immense opportunities for the chemical upcycling of waste plastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Chu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuchun Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Muhan Cao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Zhang C, Feng J, Wang X, Ding Z, He L, Zhang Q, Chen J, Yin Y. Integrated Photochromic-Photothermal Processes for Catalytic Plastic Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308930. [PMID: 37527972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating high-energy ultraviolet (UV) photons into photothermal catalytic processes may enable photothermal-photochemical synergistic catalysis, which represents a transformative technology for waste plastic recycling. The major challenge is avoiding side reactions and by-products caused by these energetic photons. Here, we break through the limitation of the existing photothermal conversion mechanism and propose a photochromic-photothermal catalytic system based on polyol-ligated TiO2 nanocrystals. Upon UV or sunlight irradiation, the chemically bonded polyols can rapidly capture holes generated by TiO2 , enabling photogenerated electrons to reduce Ti4+ to Ti3+ and produce oxygen vacancies. The resulting abundant defect energy levels boost sunlight-to-heat conversion efficiency, and simultaneously the oxygen vacancies facilitate polyester glycolysis by activating the nucleophilic addition-elimination process. As a result, compared to commercial TiO2 (P25), we achieve 6-fold and 12.2-fold performance enhancements under thermal and photothermal conditions, respectively, while maintaining high selectivity to high-valued monomers. This paradigm-shift strategy directs energetic UV photons for activating catalysts and avoids their interaction with reactants, opening the possibility of substantially elevating the efficiency of more solar-driven catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Congyang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ji Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xuchun Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Le He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Z, Tang R, Li C, An X, He L. Promises of Plasmonic Antenna-Reactor Systems in Gas-Phase CO 2 Photocatalysis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2302568. [PMID: 37338243 PMCID: PMC10460874 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction provides intriguing opportunities for addressing the energy and environmental crises faced by humans. The rational combination of plasmonic antennas and active transition metal-based catalysts, known as "antenna-reactor" (AR) nanostructures, allows the simultaneous optimization of optical and catalytic performances of photocatalysts, and thus holds great promise for CO2 photocatalysis. Such design combines the favorable absorption, radiative, and photochemical properties of the plasmonic components with the great catalytic potentials and conductivities of the reactor components. In this review, recent developments of photocatalysts based on plasmonic AR systems for various gas-phase CO2 reduction reactions with emphasis on the electronic structure of plasmonic and catalytic metals, plasmon-driven catalytic pathways, and the role of AR complex in photocatalytic processes are summarized. Perspectives in terms of challenges and future research in this area are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Rui Tang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Xingda An
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon TechnologiesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Le He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon TechnologiesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu Z, Shen J, Li C, Zhang C, Feng K, Wang Z, Wang X, Meira DM, Cai M, Zhang D, Wang S, Chu M, Chen J, Xi Y, Zhang L, Sham TK, Genest A, Rupprechter G, Zhang X, He L. Mo 2TiC 2 MXene-Supported Ru Clusters for Efficient Photothermal Reverse Water-Gas Shift. ACS Nano 2022; 17:1550-1559. [PMID: 36584240 PMCID: PMC9878975 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Driving metal-cluster-catalyzed high-temperature chemical reactions by sunlight holds promise for the development of negative-carbon-footprint industrial catalysis, which has yet often been hindered by the poor ability of metal clusters to harvest and utilize the full spectrum of solar energy. Here, we report the preparation of Mo2TiC2 MXene-supported Ru clusters (Ru/Mo2TiC2) with pronounced broadband sunlight absorption ability and high sintering resistance. Under illumination of focused sunlight, Ru/Mo2TiC2 can catalyze the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction to produce carbon monoxide from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and renewable hydrogen with enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability compared to their nanoparticle counterparts. Notably, the CO production rate of MXene-supported Ru clusters reached 4.0 mol·gRu-1·h-1, which is among the best reported so far for photothermal RWGS catalysts. Detailed studies suggest that the production of methane is kinetically inhibited by the rapid desorption of CO from the surface of the Ru clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Wu
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu. PR China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Chaoran Li
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu. PR China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Soochow University-Western University Centre for Synchrotron
Radiation Research, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Xuchun Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Soochow University-Western University Centre for Synchrotron
Radiation Research, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Debora Motta Meira
- CLS@APS,
Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mujin Cai
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Dake Zhang
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Shenghua Wang
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Mingyu Chu
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jinxing Chen
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yuyao Xi
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu. PR China
| | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- Department
of Chemistry, Soochow University-Western University Centre for Synchrotron
Radiation Research, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexander Genest
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität
Wein, Wien 1060, Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität
Wein, Wien 1060, Austria
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu. PR China
| | - Le He
- Institute
of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University-Western
University Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu. PR China
| |
Collapse
|