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Gumuskaya G, Srivastava P, Cooper BG, Lesser H, Semegran B, Garnier S, Levin M. Motile Living Biobots Self-Construct from Adult Human Somatic Progenitor Seed Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2303575. [PMID: 38032125 PMCID: PMC10811512 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge gaps exist about the plasticity of cells from adult soma and the potential diversity of body shape and behavior in living constructs derived from genetically wild-type cells. Here anthrobots are introduced, a spheroid-shaped multicellular biological robot (biobot) platform with diameters ranging from 30 to 500 microns and cilia-powered locomotive abilities. Each Anthrobot begins as a single cell, derived from the adult human lung, and self-constructs into a multicellular motile biobot after being cultured in extra cellular matrix for 2 weeks and transferred into a minimally viscous habitat. Anthrobots exhibit diverse behaviors with motility patterns ranging from tight loops to straight lines and speeds ranging from 5-50 microns s-1 . The anatomical investigations reveal that this behavioral diversity is significantly correlated with their morphological diversity. Anthrobots can assume morphologies with fully polarized or wholly ciliated bodies and spherical or ellipsoidal shapes, each related to a distinct movement type. Anthrobots are found to be capable of traversing, and inducing rapid repair of scratches in, cultured human neural cell sheets in vitro. By controlling microenvironmental cues in bulk, novel structures, with new and unexpected behavior and biomedically-relevant capabilities, can be discovered in morphogenetic processes without direct genetic editing or manual sculpting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Gumuskaya
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts Universityand Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordMA02155USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Pranjal Srivastava
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts Universityand Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordMA02155USA
| | - Ben G. Cooper
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts Universityand Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordMA02155USA
| | - Hannah Lesser
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts Universityand Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordMA02155USA
| | - Ben Semegran
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts Universityand Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordMA02155USA
| | - Simon Garnier
- Federated Department of Biological SciencesNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ07102USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts Universityand Department of BiologyTufts UniversityMedfordMA02155USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
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Grodstein J, McMillen P, Levin M. Closing the loop on morphogenesis: a mathematical model of morphogenesis by closed-loop reaction-diffusion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1087650. [PMID: 37645245 PMCID: PMC10461482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1087650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis, the establishment and repair of emergent complex anatomy by groups of cells, is a fascinating and biomedically-relevant problem. One of its most fascinating aspects is that a developing embryo can reliably recover from disturbances, such as splitting into twins. While this reliability implies some type of goal-seeking error minimization over a morphogenic field, there are many gaps with respect to detailed, constructive models of such a process. A common way to achieve reliability is negative feedback, which requires characterizing the existing body shape to create an error signal-but measuring properties of a shape may not be simple. We show how cells communicating in a wave-like pattern could analyze properties of the current body shape. We then describe a closed-loop negative-feedback system for creating reaction-diffusion (RD) patterns with high reliability. Specifically, we use a wave to count the number of peaks in a RD pattern, letting us use a negative-feedback controller to create a pattern with N repetitions, where N can be altered over a wide range. Furthermore, the individual repetitions of the RD pattern can be easily stretched or shrunk under genetic control to create, e.g., some morphological features larger than others. This work contributes to the exciting effort of understanding design principles of morphological computation, which can be used to understand evolved developmental mechanisms, manipulate them in regenerative-medicine settings, or engineer novel synthetic morphology constructs with desired robust behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Grodstein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Patrick McMillen
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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Li Y, Gray A, Xue L, Farb MG, Ayalon N, Andersson C, Ko D, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Rong J, Xanthakis V, Liu C, Fetterman JL, Gopal DM. Metabolomic Profiles, Ideal Cardiovascular Health, and Risk of Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation: Insights From the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e028022. [PMID: 37301766 PMCID: PMC10356055 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.028022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The American Heart Association's framework "ideal cardiovascular health" (CVH) focuses on modifiable risk factors to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolomics provides important pathobiological insights into risk factors and CVD development. We hypothesized that metabolomic signatures associate with CVH status, and that metabolites, at least partially, mediate the association of CVH score with atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF). Methods and Results We studied 3056 adults in the FHS (Framingham Heart Study) cohort to evaluate CVH score and incident outcomes of AF and HF. Metabolomics data were available in 2059 participants; mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the mediation of metabolites in the association of CVH score and incident AF and HF. In the smaller cohort (mean age, 54 years; 53% women), CVH score was associated with 144 metabolites, with 64 metabolites shared across key cardiometabolic components (body mass index, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose) of the CVH score. In mediation analyses, 3 metabolites (glycerol, cholesterol ester 16:1, and phosphatidylcholine 32:1) mediated the association of CVH score with incident AF. Seven metabolites (glycerol, isocitrate, asparagine, glutamine, indole-3-proprionate, phosphatidylcholine C36:4, and lysophosphatidylcholine 18:2), partly mediated the association between CVH score and incident HF in multivariable-adjusted models. Conclusions Most metabolites that associated with CVH score were shared the most among 3 cardiometabolic components. Three main pathways: (1) alanine, glutamine, and glutamate metabolism; (2) citric acid cycle metabolism; and (3) glycerolipid metabolism mediated CVH score with HF. Metabolomics provides insights into how ideal CVH status contributes to the development of AF and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public HealthBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Liying Xue
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Melissa G. Farb
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Nir Ayalon
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine/Boston Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Charlotte Andersson
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine/Boston Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Darae Ko
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine/Boston Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine/Boston Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of EpidemiologyBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMAUSA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMAUSA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine/Boston Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of EpidemiologyBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMAUSA
| | - Martin G. Larson
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMAUSA
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Vanessa Xanthakis
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMAUSA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyFraminghamMAUSA
| | - Jessica L. Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Deepa M. Gopal
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine/Boston Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
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Xu M, MacDonnell M, Wang A, Elias MJ. Exploring social-emotional learning, school climate, and social network analysis. J Community Psychol 2023; 51:84-102. [PMID: 35639887 PMCID: PMC10084104 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is currently limited research on student peer leadership in the social-emotional literature. This paper used exploratory methods of social network analysis to understand the structure of school peer relationships, peer leadership, and school climate. Self-report measures of perceptions of peer leadership and climate were given to students during the 2016-2017 school year. Data collected from a peer leadership survey were used to calculate closeness and indegree centrality values. The results showed that student Ambassadors have higher peer nominated leadership scores compared to non-Ambassador controls and the rest of the school. Additionally, Ambassadors did not demonstrate a change in centrality scores, non-Ambassador students increased in centrality scores, and school climate was not correlated with the leadership centrality score. Results suggest that influence spreads, and that good leadership may be emulated among students, leading to a diffusion effect. This supports the need for good leaders in schools. Additionally, climate may not be associated with leadership centrality scores due to the length of the intervention. Future studies should look toward behavioral data to unravel what comprises positive and negative influences in Social-Emotional and Character Development interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa MacDonnell
- Psychology DepartmentRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Angela Wang
- Psychology DepartmentRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Maurice J. Elias
- Psychology DepartmentRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
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Abstract
This article explores the role of cognitive transformations in the process of desistance from crime. Based on our own and others' subsequent research, clearly, some aspects of our initial theorizing warrant revisiting and adjustment. The discussion describes changes to ideas about the sequencing of various types of cognitive shifts, suggests the importance of emotional processes in tandem with changes in perspective, and highlights the need to move out of the comfort zone of crime itself when thinking about redefinitions that support desistance. Yet, a consistent notion remains that social and broader structural factors are deeply implicated-directly and indirectly-in all aspects of the change process. This includes the important area of "derailments" from a pattern of forward progress, where additional processual research is needed. The discussion concludes with the argument that individualistic policies and programs centered on cognitive deficits requiring correction are likely to be limited in their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy C. Giordano
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic ResearchBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOhioUSA
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McPhee AM, Bagh S, Schmuckler MA, Sommerville JA. Investigating the detection of parent-child relationships in early childhood: The role of partiality in resource distributions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:916266. [PMID: 36092061 PMCID: PMC9450857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.916266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
By early childhood, children possess clear expectations about how resources should be, and typically are, distributed, expecting and advocating for equal resource distributions to recipients. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that children may be able to use deviations from equality in resource distributions to make inferences about the nature of social relationships. Here, we investigated whether children use partiality in resource distributions displayed by adults toward children in third-party contexts to identify parent-child relationships, whether children anticipate preferential treatment based upon knowledge of third-party parent-child relationships, and whether children anticipate different emotional reactions to impartiality in resource distributions in parent-child interactions compared to neighbor-child interactions. Four-to seven-year-old children were presented with hypothetical vignettes about an adult character who distributed resources to two children either equally, or systematically favoring one child. By the age of 4, children used resource distribution partiality to identify an adult as a child’s parent, and also used these expectations to guide their anticipated emotional reactions to impartiality. By the age of 6, children were also more likely to anticipate partiality to be displayed in parent-child compared to neighbor-child relationships. The findings from the current study reveal that partiality in resource distributions acts as a valuable cue to aid in identifying and understanding social relationships, highlighting the integral role that resources play in children’s understanding of their social world. More broadly, our findings support the claim that children use cues that signal interpersonal investment to specify and evaluate parent-child relationships in third-party contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michelle McPhee
- Toronto Early Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Laboratory for Infant Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Anna Michelle McPhee,
| | - Sinamys Bagh
- Toronto Early Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A. Schmuckler
- The Laboratory for Infant Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica A. Sommerville
- Toronto Early Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Jessica A. Sommerville,
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Wang Z, Meng N, Wang Y, Zhou T, Li M, Wang S, Chen S, Zheng H, Kong S, Wang H, Yan W. Ablation of the miR-465 Cluster Causes a Skewed Sex Ratio in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:893854. [PMID: 35677715 PMCID: PMC9167928 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.893854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The X-linked miR-465 cluster is highly expressed in the testis, sperm, newborn ovary, and blastocysts as well as in 8-16 cell embryos. However, the physiological role of the miR-465 cluster is still largely unknown. This study aims to dissect the role of the miR-465 cluster in murine development. Despite abundant expression in the testis, ablation of the miR-465 miRNA cluster using CRISPR-Cas9 did not cause infertility. Instead, a skewed sex ratio biased toward males (60% males) was observed among miR-465 KO mice. Further analyses revealed that the female conceptuses selectively degenerated as early as embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5). Small RNA deep sequencing, qPCR, and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that the miRNAs encoded by the miR-465 cluster were mainly localized to the extraembryonic tissue/developing placenta. RNA-seq analyses identified altered mRNA transcriptome characterized by the dysregulation of numerous critical placental genes, e.g., Alkbh1, in the KO conceptuses at E7.5. Taken together, this study showed that the miR-465 cluster is required for normal female placental development, and ablation of the miR-465 cluster leads to a skewed sex ratio with more males (~60%) due to selective degeneration and resorption of the female conceptuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Nan Meng
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Musheng Li
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Shawn Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Huili Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Shuangbo Kong
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Yan,
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Wade MJ, Fogarty L. Adaptive co-evolution of mitochondria and the Y-chromosome: A resolution to conflict between evolutionary opponents. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17307-17313. [PMID: 34938509 PMCID: PMC8668801 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In most species with motile sperm, male fertility depends upon genes located on the Y-chromosome and in the mitochondrial genome. Coordinated adaptive evolution for the function of male fertility between genes on the Y and the mitochondrion is hampered by their uniparental inheritance in opposing sexes: The Y-chromosome is inherited uniparentally, father to son, and the mitochondrion is inherited maternally, mother to offspring. Preserving male fertility is problematic, because maternal inheritance permits mitochondrial mutations advantageous to females, but deleterious to male fertility, to accumulate in a population. Although uniparental inheritance with sex-restricted adaptation also affects genes on the Y-chromosome, females lack a Y-chromosome and escape the potential maladaptive consequences of male-limited selection. Evolutionary models have shown that mitochondrial mutations deleterious to male fertility can be countered by compensatory evolution of Y-linked mutations that restore it. However, direct adaptive coevolution of Y- and mitochondrial gene combinations has not yet been mathematically characterized. We use population genetic models to show that adaptive coevolution of Y and mitochondrial genes are possible when Y-mt gene combinations have positive effects on male fertility and populations are inbred.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurel Fogarty
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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Mendoza Straffon L. The Peacock Fallacy: Art as a Veblenian Signal. Front Psychol 2021; 12:767409. [PMID: 34880815 PMCID: PMC8645796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that world-over people seem inexplicably motivated to allocate time and effort to apparently useless cultural practices, like the arts, has led several evolutionary scholars to suggest that these might be costly Zahavian signals correlated with genetic fitness, such as the infamous peacock's tail. In this paper, I review the fundamental arguments of the hypothesis that art evolved and serves as a costly Zahavian signal. First, I look into the hypothesis that humans exert mate choice for indirect benefits and argue that the data supports mate choice for direct benefits instead. Second, I argue that art practice may well be a costly signal, however not necessarily related to good genes. Third, I suggest that Thorstein Veblen's original concept of conspicuous signals as social tools to obtain and convey prestige provides a better account than the Zahavian model for the evolution and function of art in society. As a Veblenian signal, art could still have many of the effects suggested for visual art as a Zahavian signal, except not for the indirect benefits of optimal offspring, but for the direct benefits of acquiring and conveying social status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Mendoza Straffon
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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