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Rousculp MD, Hollis K, Ziemiecki R, Odom D, Marchese AM, Montazeri M, Odak S, Jackson L, Miller A, Toback S. Burden and Impact of Reactogenicity among Adults Receiving COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States and Canada: Results from a Prospective Observational Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:83. [PMID: 38250896 PMCID: PMC10821469 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, vaccination remains a critical tool to reduce the COVID-19 burden. Vaccine reactogenicity and the impact on work productivity/daily activities are recognized as contributing factors to vaccine hesitancy. To encourage continued COVID-19 vaccination, a more complete understanding of the differences in reactogenicity and impairment due to vaccine-related side effects across currently available vaccines is necessary. The 2019nCoV-406 study (n = 1367) was a prospective observational study of reactogenicity and associated impairments in adults in the United States and Canada who received an approved/authorized COVID-19 vaccine. Compared with recipients of mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccines, a smaller percentage of NVX-CoV2373 booster recipients reported local and systemic reactogenicity. This study's primary endpoint (percentage of participants with ≥50% overall work impairment on ≥1 of the 6 days post-vaccination period) did not show significant differences. However, the data suggest that NVX-CoV2373 booster recipients trended toward being less impaired overall than recipients of an mRNA booster; further research is needed to confirm this observed trend. The results of this real-world study suggest that NVX-CoV2373 may be a beneficial vaccine option with limited impact on non-work activities, in part due to the few reactogenicity events after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Rousculp
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Kelly Hollis
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.H.); (R.Z.); (D.O.); (S.O.); (L.J.)
| | - Ryan Ziemiecki
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.H.); (R.Z.); (D.O.); (S.O.); (L.J.)
| | - Dawn Odom
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.H.); (R.Z.); (D.O.); (S.O.); (L.J.)
| | - Anthony M. Marchese
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Mitra Montazeri
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Shardul Odak
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.H.); (R.Z.); (D.O.); (S.O.); (L.J.)
| | - Laurin Jackson
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.H.); (R.Z.); (D.O.); (S.O.); (L.J.)
| | - Angela Miller
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Seth Toback
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.M.M.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (S.T.)
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Paret K, Beyhaghi H, Herring WL, Mauskopf J, Shane LG, Rousculp MD. Going Forward: Potential Impact of Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage on Population Outcomes and Costs in the United States. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:74. [PMID: 38250887 PMCID: PMC10819070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Policymakers in the United States (US) recommend coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination with a monovalent 2023-2024 vaccine formulation based on the Omicron XBB.1.5 variant. We estimated the potential US population-level health and economic impacts of increased COVID-19 vaccine coverage that might be expected with the availability of a protein-based vaccine with simpler storage requirements in addition to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines. A Markov model was developed to estimate 1-year COVID-19-related costs, cases, hospitalizations, and deaths with and without the availability of a protein-based vaccine option. The model population was stratified by age and risk status. Model inputs were sourced from published literature or derived from publicly available data. Our model estimated that a five-percentage-point increase in coverage due to the availability of a protein-based vaccine option would prevent over 500,000 cases, 66,000 hospitalizations, and 3000 COVID-19-related deaths. These clinical outcomes translated to 42,000 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD 16,141/QALY from a third-party payer perspective. In sensitivity analyses, outcomes were most sensitive to COVID-19 incidence and severity across age groups. The availability of a protein-based vaccine option in the US could reduce hospitalizations and deaths and is predicted to be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Paret
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.P.); (W.L.H.); (J.M.)
| | | | - William L. Herring
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.P.); (W.L.H.); (J.M.)
- Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (K.P.); (W.L.H.); (J.M.)
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Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Feng SL, Parekh A, Gorinson D, Silva D, Skonieczny P, Wilson A, Kalkeri R, Woo W, Cai MR, Fries L, Glenn G, Plested JS. A Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Anti-Spike Immunoglobulin G Assay: A Robust Method for Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using an Established Correlate of Protection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1789. [PMID: 37512961 PMCID: PMC10383018 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to emerge. Immunogenicity evaluation of vaccines and identification of correlates of protection for vaccine effectiveness is critical to aid the development of vaccines against emerging variants. Anti-recombinant spike (rS) protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) quantitation in the systemic circulation (serum/plasma) is shown to correlate with vaccine efficacy. Thus, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based binding assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 (ancestral and variant strains) anti-rS IgG in human serum samples was developed and validated. This assay successfully met acceptance criteria for inter/intra-assay precision, specificity, selectivity, linearity, lower/upper limits of quantitation, matrix effects, and assay robustness. The analyte in serum was stable for up to 8 freeze/thaw cycles and 2 years in -80 °C storage. Similar results were observed for the Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1/BA.5/XBB.1.5 variant-adapted assays. Anti-rS IgG assay results correlated significantly with neutralization and receptor binding inhibition assays. In addition, usage of international reference standards allows data extrapolation to WHO international units (BAU/mL), facilitating comparison of results with other IgG assays. This anti-rS IgG assay is a robust, high-throughput method to evaluate binding IgG responses to S protein in serum, enabling rapid development of effective vaccines against emerging COVID-19 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhu
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Sheau-Line Feng
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Anand Parekh
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Drew Gorinson
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - David Silva
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Paul Skonieczny
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Adjele Wilson
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Wayne Woo
- Biostatistics, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Miranda R Cai
- Biostatistics, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Louis Fries
- Clinical Development, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Greg Glenn
- Discovery, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Joyce S Plested
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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