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Ruppert H, Meister A, Pfretzschner R, Vieira AF, Greb L. Concatenating Structural Constraint Effects at Tin for the Sequential Generation, Stabilization, and Transfer of Acyclic Aminocarbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38604608 PMCID: PMC11048120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Structural constraint approaches have been employed toward different ends in recent years, from augmenting the nucleophilicity in pyramidalized low-valent p-block compounds to enhancing the Lewis acidities at planarized tetravalent p-block elements. While previous studies exploited these effects separately, this work introduces a strategy to concatenate structural constraint approaches at individual stages of a reaction sequence in a row to unlock a synthetic path unattainable by conventional methodologies. The boosted nucleophilicity resulting from the constrained tetracoordinated calix[4]pyrrolato stannate(II) dianion enables the reductive formation of sterically unprotected acyclic aminocarbenes. These amino carbenes are stabilized at the concomitantly formed square-planar stannane(IV) as air-stable adducts. Transfer of the carbenes onto copper(I) by cooperativity of the calix[4]pyrrole ligand finalizes this protocol to hitherto unreported yet prototypical carbene complexes. Detailed spectroscopic and quantum theoretical analyses establish the synergy of structural constraints and element-ligand cooperation as the linchpin to this reaction path and its selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ruppert
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Arne Meister
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ronja Pfretzschner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - André Faria Vieira
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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2
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Haering S, Schulze L, Geiling A, Meyer C, Klusmann H, Schumacher S, Knaevelsrud C, Engel S. Higher risk-less data: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of sex and gender in trauma research. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 2024; 133:257-272. [PMID: 38619461 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Women and men are at different risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is unclear, however, how studies on PTSD risk factors integrate this knowledge into their research. Moreover, the temporal development of women's higher PTSD risk is unknown. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examine how prospective studies on PTSD development (k = 47) consider sex and gender across four domains (samples, terminology, analyses, and reporting). Further, we differentially analyze sex/gender differences within five time intervals from 1 month to 5 years posttrauma. PTSD prevalence (OR = 1.72 [1.27-2.34]) and severity (g = 0.31 [0.09, 0.53]) were increased for women relative to men at 1 month posttrauma already, that is, at the first timepoint of a possible PTSD diagnosis. PTSD severity was elevated for women compared to men across all time intervals, but evidence for increased PTSD prevalence for women relative to men was less stable with longer follow-ups. Despite women's higher PTSD burdens, they were clearly underrepresented in samples (68.3% male, 31.7% female participants). Only 5.0% of studies explained or described their understanding of sex and gender, and only 2.6% used sex as discovery variable, that is, investigating sex-dependent risk mechanisms. Sex and gender aspects in design, data, and discussion were considered by only one-third of studies each. Trauma research falls short of its potential to adequately consider sex and gender. Sex- and gender-sensitive practices can advance rigor, innovation, and equity in psychopathology research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Haering
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin
| | - Lars Schulze
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin
| | - Angelika Geiling
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin
| | - Caroline Meyer
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin
| | - Hannah Klusmann
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin
| | - Sarah Schumacher
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin
| | - Sinha Engel
- Department of Experimental Psychopathology, Institute for Psychology, University of Hildesheim
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3
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Daenekas B, Pérez E, Boniolo F, Stefan S, Benfatto S, Sill M, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Capper D, Zapatka M, Hovestadt V. Conumee 2.0: enhanced copy-number variation analysis from DNA methylation arrays for humans and mice. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae029. [PMID: 38244574 PMCID: PMC10868300 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Copy-number variations (CNVs) are common genetic alterations in cancer and their detection may impact tumor classification and therapeutic decisions. However, detection of clinically relevant large and focal CNVs remains challenging when sample material or resources are limited. This has motivated us to create a software tool to infer CNVs from DNA methylation arrays which are often generated as part of clinical routines and in research settings. RESULTS We present our R package, conumee 2.0, that combines tangent normalization, an adjustable genomic binning heuristic, and weighted circular binary segmentation to utilize DNA methylation arrays for CNV analysis and mitigate technical biases and batch effects. Segmentation results were validated in a lung squamous cell carcinoma dataset from TCGA (n = 367 samples) by comparison to segmentations derived from genotyping arrays (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.91). We further introduce a segmented block bootstrapping approach to detect focal alternations that achieved 60.9% sensitivity and 98.6% specificity for deletions affecting CDKN2A/B (60.0% and 96.9% for RB1, respectively) in a low-grade glioma cohort from TCGA (n = 239 samples). Finally, our tool provides functionality to detect and summarize CNVs across large sample cohorts. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Conumee 2.0 is available under open-source license at: https://github.com/hovestadtlab/conumee2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Daenekas
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eilís Pérez
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabio Boniolo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Sabina Stefan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Salvatore Benfatto
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Martin Sill
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology & Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
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Neyyathala A, Flecken F, Rang F, Papke C, Hanf S. Support Engineering for the Stabilisation of Heterogeneous Pd 3 P-Based Catalysts for Heck Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302825. [PMID: 37870098 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of a supported Pd3 P catalyst for Heck coupling reactions. For the stabilisation of Pd3 P and Pd, as reference system, the silica support material was modified via phosphorus doping (0.5 and 1 wt % P). Through this so-called support engineering approach, the catalytic activity of Pd3 P was clearly enhanced. Whereas an iodobenzene conversion of 79 % was witnessed for Pd3 P@SiO2 in the coupling of styrene and iodobenzene in 1 h, 90 % conversion could be achieved using Pd3 P@1P-SiO2 . This improved catalytic activity probably stems from an electronic modulation of the support surface via the introduction of phosphorus. Simultaneously, the recyclability was boosted and the Pd3 P@1P-SiO2 catalyst has shown to maintain its catalytic activity over several recovery tests. Hereby, metal leaching could almost be suppressed completely to 3 % by the use of a P-modified silica support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Neyyathala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Flecken
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Rang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christina Papke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Schirin Hanf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Neubauer A, Aros-Mualin D, Mariscal V, Szövényi P. Challenging the term symbiosis in plant-microbe associations to create an understanding across sciences. J Integr Plant Biol 2024; 66:7-11. [PMID: 38038369 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Scientific progress relies on clear and consistent definitions for effective communication and collaboration. The term "symbiosis" in the context of plant-microbe associations suffers from diverse interpretations, leading to ambiguity in classification of these associations. This review elaborates on the issue, proposing an inclusive definition as well as a keyword.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Neubauer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Aros-Mualin
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Vicente Mariscal
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC y Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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Li S, Scheiger JM, Wang Z, Huber B, Hoffmann M, Wilhelm M, Levkin PA. Diapers to Thickeners and Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: Recycling of Superabsorbers via UV Degradation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:44186-44193. [PMID: 37676916 PMCID: PMC10521733 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Superabsorbers based on crosslinked sodium polyacrylate polymers cannot be easily recycled, resulting in 2 million tons of superabsorbers being landfilled or burned every year. A fast and efficient strategy to recycle superabsorbers would significantly alleviate environmental pollution and promote a sustainable use of these polymers. Herein, the rapid recycling of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate hydrogels based on their inherent UV degradation is demonstrated without the need for chemicals besides water. A quantitative conversion of crosslinked sodium polyacrylate into soluble sodium polyacrylate is achieved in minutes, almost 200 times faster than a previous approach based on de-esterification. The obtained soluble sodium polyacrylate can be used, for example, as a thickener for aqueous dyes or can be esterified with n-butanol or 2-ethylhexanol to serve as a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The UV photodegradation and esterification of superabsorbers is fast, scalable, safe, and economical and yields polymers with controllable molecular weight in the range of 100-400 kg/mol. It thus offers distinct advantages over the chemical de-crosslinking strategies presented previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department
of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Johannes M. Scheiger
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhenwu Wang
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Soft
Matter Synthesis Laboratory (SML), Institute for Biological Interfaces
3 (IBG-3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maxi Hoffmann
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Bender Y, Matschkowski T, Schweinberger SR, Bräuer J. "An Aid with Soul"-Understanding the Determinants of Guide Dog-Owner Compatibility from Qualitative Interviews. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2751. [PMID: 37685015 PMCID: PMC10487220 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Guide dogs hold the potential to increase confidence and independence in visually impaired individuals. However, the success of the partnership between a guide dog and its handler depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the dog and the handler. Here, we conducted interviews with 21 guide dog owners to explore determinants of compatibility between the dog and the owner. Experienced compatibility between the dog and the owner was associated with positive relationship aspects such as feeling secure with the dog. Certain characteristics emerged as subjective determinants of compatibility, including shared hobbies, high levels of openness in both or only the dog, similar activity levels and higher activeness in dogs, similar expressions of calmness; happiness; greediness; friendliness; and a complementary dominance-submissiveness relationship. Owners who perceived themselves to be similar in their personality to their dogs often reported to have a strong bond, to feel secure with their dog and to be less influenced by previous relationships. However, our results suggest that a strong bond between the dog and the owner does not exclusively yield positive effects. Moreover, prior dog ownership seems to have a potentially strong impact on the subsequent relationship. Our results contribute to the understanding of dog-owner compatibility and may improve the matching process of guide dogs and their prospective handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Bender
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, DogStudies, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.M.); (J.B.)
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Tim Matschkowski
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, DogStudies, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Stefan R. Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Juliane Bräuer
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, DogStudies, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.M.); (J.B.)
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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8
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Batool L, Hariharan K, Xu Y, Kaßmann M, Tsvetkov D, Gohlke BO, Kaden S, Gossen M, Nürnberg B, Kurtz A, Gollasch M. An inactivating human TRPC6 channel mutation without focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:265. [PMID: 37615749 PMCID: PMC10449997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channel-6 (TRPC6) gene mutations cause familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), which is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease. In patients with TRPC6-related FSGS, all mutations map to the N- or C-terminal TRPC6 protein domains. Thus far, the majority of TRPC6 mutations are missense resulting in increased or decreased calcium influx; however, the fundamental molecular mechanisms causing cell injury and kidney pathology are unclear. We report a novel heterozygous TRPC6 mutation (V691Kfs*) in a large kindred with no signs of FSGS despite a largely truncated TRPC6 protein. We studied the molecular effects of V691Kfs* TRPC6 mutant using the tridimensional cryo-EM structure of the tetrameric TRPC6 protein. The results indicated that V691 is localized at the pore-forming transmembrane region affecting the ion conduction pathway, and predicted that V691Kfs* causes closure of the ion-conducting pathway leading to channel inactivation. We assessed the impact of V691Kfs* and two previously reported TRPC6 disease mutants (P112Q and G757D) on calcium influx in cells. Our data show that the V691Kfs* fully inactivated the TRCP6 channel-specific calcium influx consistent with a complete loss-of-function phenotype. Furthermore, the V691Kfs* truncation exerted a dominant negative effect on the full-length TRPC6 proteins. In conclusion, the V691Kfs* non-functional truncated TRPC6 is not sufficient to cause FSGS. Our data corroborate recently characterized TRPC6 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants suggesting that one defective TRPC6 gene copy is not sufficient to cause FSGS. We underscore the importance of increased rather than reduced calcium influx through TRPC6 for podocyte cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Batool
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krithika Hariharan
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yao Xu
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mario Kaßmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Björn-Oliver Gohlke
- Department of Information Technology, Science-IT, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Kaden
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Aktive Polymere, Hereon TeltowAbteilung Stammzellmodifikation und Biomaterialien, Teltow, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Biomedical Data and Bioethics, Fraunhofer-Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin D-Geriatrie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, Germany.
- Klinik für Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Weiblen R, Robert C, Petereit P, Heldmann M, Münte TF, Münchau A, Müller-Vahl K, Krämer UM. Neural, physiological and behavioural correlates of empathy for pain in Tourette syndrome. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad212. [PMID: 37601409 PMCID: PMC10438210 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons with Tourette syndrome show altered social behaviours, such as echophenomena and increased personal distress in emotional situations. These symptoms may reflect an overactive mirror neuron system, causing both increased automatic imitation and a stronger tendency to share others' emotions. To test this, we measured the individual level of echophenomena with a video protocol and experimentally induced empathy for pain in 21 participants with Tourette syndrome and 25 matched controls. In the empathy for pain paradigm, pictures of hands and feet in painful or neutral situations were presented, while we measured participants' EEG and skin conductance response. Changes in somatosensory mu suppression during the observation of the pictures and pain ratings were compared between groups, and correlations were calculated with the occurrence of echophenomena, self-reported empathy and clinical measures. Our Tourette syndrome sample showed significantly more echophenomena than controls, but the groups showed no behavioural differences in empathic abilities. However, controls, but not patients with Tourette syndrome, showed the predicted increased mu suppression when watching painful compared to neutral actions. While echophenomena were present in all persons with Tourette syndrome, the hypothesis of an overactive mirror neuron system in Tourette syndrome could not be substantiated. On the contrary, the Tourette syndrome group showed a noticeable lack of mu attenuation in response to pain stimuli. In conclusion, we found a first hint of altered processing of others' emotional states in a brain region associated with the mirror neuron system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Weiblen
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carina Robert
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pauline Petereit
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kirsten Müller-Vahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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10
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Martin LAL, Melchert D, Knack M, Fuchs T. Relating movement markers of schizophrenia to self-experience-a mixed-methods study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1212508. [PMID: 37415694 PMCID: PMC10319999 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1212508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Basic self-disorders on the one hand and motor symptoms on the other hand are discussed as endophenotypes of schizophrenia psychopathology. However, the systematic interaction between motor symptoms and the self-experience of patients is rarely studied. Methods In a previous study we defined motor markers of schizophrenia via a data-driven analysis of patients' gait patterns. In this study, we related the movement markers to measures of basic self-disorder obtained with EASE interviews. We substantiated the correlations with a qualitative content analysis of the interviews of a subset of four patients. We related qualitative and quantitative data on an intra- and interpersonal level. Results Our results suggest an association between the previously defined, theory-independent movement markers and basic self-disorders, specifically in the domain of cognition, self-experience and bodily experiences. While movement marker manifestation was not precisely reflected in the individuals' descriptions of anomalous self- and body experience, we found clear trends of more and more intense descriptions with increasing movement marker scores, when looking at specific experiences, such as hyper reflexivity. Discussion These results foster an integrated view of the patient and could stimulate therapeutic approaches aiming at an improvement of self- and body-experience of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A. L. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Cultural Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Institute for Creative Arts Therapies (RIArT), Department of Therapy Sciences, Alanus University of Arts and Social Sciences, Alfter, Germany
| | - David Melchert
- Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Knack
- Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- Department of General Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Heinrich T, Jang Y, Mungo L, Pangallo M, Scott A, Tarbush B, Wiese S. Best-response dynamics, playing sequences, and convergence to equilibrium in random games. Int J Game Theory 2023; 52:703-735. [PMID: 37700906 PMCID: PMC10494490 DOI: 10.1007/s00182-023-00837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the performance of the best-response dynamic across all normal-form games using a random games approach. The playing sequence-the order in which players update their actions-is essentially irrelevant in determining whether the dynamic converges to a Nash equilibrium in certain classes of games (e.g. in potential games) but, when evaluated across all possible games, convergence to equilibrium depends on the playing sequence in an extreme way. Our main asymptotic result shows that the best-response dynamic converges to a pure Nash equilibrium in a vanishingly small fraction of all (large) games when players take turns according to a fixed cyclic order. By contrast, when the playing sequence is random, the dynamic converges to a pure Nash equilibrium if one exists in almost all (large) games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Heinrich
- Faculty for Economics and Business Administration, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Martin Programme on Technological and Economic Change (OMPTEC), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yoojin Jang
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luca Mungo
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alex Scott
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bassel Tarbush
- Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel Wiese
- Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Ladel S, Maigler F, Flamm J, Schlossbauer P, Handl A, Hermann R, Herzog H, Hummel T, Mizaikoff B, Schindowski K. Impact of Glycosylation and Species Origin on the Uptake and Permeation of IgGs through the Nasal Airway Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1014. [PMID: 33114132 PMCID: PMC7690786 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although we have recently reported the involvement of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in intranasal transport, the transport mechanisms are far from being elucidated. Ex vivo porcine olfactory tissue, primary cells from porcine olfactory epithelium (OEPC) and the human cell line RPMI 2650 were used to evaluate the permeation of porcine and human IgG antibodies through the nasal mucosa. IgGs were used in their wild type and deglycosylated form to investigate the impact of glycosylation. Further, the expression of FcRn and Fc-gamma receptor (FCGR) and their interaction with IgG were analyzed. Comparable permeation rates for human and porcine IgG were observed in OEPC, which display the highest expression of FcRn. Only traces of porcine IgGs could be recovered at the basolateral compartment in ex vivo olfactory tissue, while human IgGs reached far higher levels. Deglycosylated human IgG showed significantly higher permeation in comparison to the wild type in RPMI 2650 and OEPC, but insignificantly elevated in the ex vivo model. An immunoprecipitation with porcine primary cells and tissue identified FCGR2 as a potential interaction partner in the nasal mucosa. Glycosylation sensitive receptors appear to be involved in the uptake, transport, but also degradation of therapeutic IgGs in the airway epithelial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ladel
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Maigler
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Flamm
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlossbauer
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Alina Handl
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hermann
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Helena Herzog
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
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13
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Abstract
The activation of white phosphorus (P4 ) by transition-metal complexes has been studied for several decades, but the functionalization and release of the resulting (organo)phosphorus ligands has rarely been achieved. Herein we describe the formation of rare diphosphan-1-ide anions from a P5 ligand by treatment with cyanide. Cobalt diorganopentaphosphido complexes have been synthesized by a stepwise reaction sequence involving a low-valent diimine cobalt complex, white phosphorus, and diorganochlorophosphanes. The reactions of the complexes with tetraalkylammonium or potassium cyanide afford a cyclotriphosphido cobaltate anion 5 and 1-cyanodiphosphan-1-ide anions [R2 PPCN]- (6-R). The molecular structure of a related product 7 suggests a novel reaction mechanism, where coordination of the cyanide anion to the cobalt center induces a ligand rearrangement. This is followed by nucleophilic attack of a second cyanide anion at a phosphorus atom and release of the P2 fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Hoidn
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Thomas M. Maier
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Karolina Trabitsch
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Jan J. Weigand
- TU DresdenFaculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry01062DresdenGermany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry93040RegensburgGermany
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14
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Rabiger FV, Bismarck D, Protschka M, Köhler G, Moore PF, Büttner M, von Buttlar H, Alber G, Eschke M. Canine tissue-associated CD4+CD8α+ double-positive T cells are an activated T cell subpopulation with heterogeneous functional potential. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213597. [PMID: 30865691 PMCID: PMC6415905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine CD4+CD8α+ double-positive (dp) T cells of peripheral blood are a unique effector memory T cell subpopulation characterized by an increased expression of activation markers in comparison with conventional CD4+ or CD8α+ single-positive (sp) T cells. In this study, we investigated CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells in secondary lymphatic organs (i.e. mesenteric and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches) and non-lymphatic tissues (i.e. lung and epithelium of the small intestine) within a homogeneous group of healthy Beagle dogs by multi-color flow cytometry. The aim of this systematic analysis was to identify the tissue-specific localization and characteristics of this distinct T cell subpopulation. Our results revealed a mature extrathymic CD1a-CD4+CD8α+ dp T cell population in all analyzed organs, with highest frequencies within Peyer’s patches. Constitutive expression of the activation marker CD25 is a feature of many CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells independent of their localization and points to an effector phenotype. A proportion of lymph node CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells is FoxP3+ indicating regulatory potential. Within the intestinal environment, the cytotoxic marker granzyme B is expressed by CD4+CD8α+ dp intraepithelial lymphocytes. In addition, a fraction of CD4+CD8α+ dp intraepithelial lymphocytes and of mesenteric lymph node CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells is TCRγδ+. However, the main T cell receptor of all tissue-associated CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells could be identified as TCRαβ. Interestingly, the majority of the CD4+CD8α+ dp T cell subpopulation expresses the unconventional CD8αα homodimer, in contrast to CD8α+ sp T cells, and CD4+CD8α+ dp thymocytes which are mainly CD8αβ+. The presented data provide the basis for a functional analysis of tissue-specific CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells to elucidate their role in health and disease of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike V. Rabiger
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doris Bismarck
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina Protschka
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter F. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Eschke
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Hecker M, Boxberger N, Illner N, Fitzner B, Schröder I, Winkelmann A, Dudesek A, Meister S, Koczan D, Lorenz P, Thiesen HJ, Zettl UK. A genetic variant associated with multiple sclerosis inversely affects the expression of CD58 and microRNA-548ac from the same gene. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007961. [PMID: 30730892 PMCID: PMC6382214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 200 genetic variants to be associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Still, little is known about the causal molecular mechanisms that underlie the genetic contribution to disease susceptibility. In this study, we investigated the role of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1414273, which is located within the microRNA-548ac stem-loop sequence in the first intron of the CD58 gene. We conducted an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis based on public RNA-sequencing and microarray data of blood-derived cells of more than 1000 subjects. Additionally, CD58 transcripts and mature hsa-miR-548ac molecules were measured using real-time PCR in peripheral blood samples of 32 MS patients. Cell culture experiments were performed to evaluate the efficiency of Drosha-mediated stem-loop processing dependent on genotype and to determine the target genes of this underexplored microRNA. Across different global populations and data sets, carriers of the MS risk allele showed reduced CD58 mRNA levels but increased hsa-miR-548ac levels. We provide evidence that the SNP rs1414273 might alter Drosha cleavage activity, thereby provoking partial uncoupling of CD58 gene expression and microRNA-548ac production from the shared primary transcript in immune cells. Moreover, the microRNA was found to regulate genes, which participate in inflammatory processes and in controlling the balance of protein folding and degradation. We thus uncovered new regulatory implications of the MS-associated haplotype of the CD58 gene locus, and we remind that paradoxical findings can be encountered in the analysis of eQTLs upon data aggregation. Our study illustrates that a better understanding of RNA processing events might help to establish the functional nature of genetic variants, which predispose to inflammatory and neurological diseases. More than 200 genetic loci have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the role of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which is located within the microRNA-548ac stem-loop sequence in the first intron of the CD58 gene. We analyzed expression data of blood-derived cells of about 1000 subjects and observed that MS risk allele carriers have reduced CD58 mRNA levels but increased hsa-miR-548ac levels. Our findings suggest that Drosha cleavage activity is affected, perhaps attributable to the specific SNP. This may contribute to partial uncoupling of CD58 gene expression and hsa-miR-548ac production from the shared primary transcript in immune cells. We discovered that the mature microRNA downregulates genes involved in inflammatory processes and in controlling the balance of protein folding and degradation. Our study exemplifies that paradoxical findings can be encountered in the analysis of genetic variants regulating transcription and/or RNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hecker
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nina Boxberger
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Illner
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brit Fitzner
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ina Schröder
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Winkelmann
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ales Dudesek
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meister
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Lorenz
- University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Thiesen
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany
- University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Rostock, Germany
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