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Gómez-Acebo I, Dierssen-Sotos T, Palazuelos C, Fernández-Navarro P, Castaño-Vinyals G, Alonso-Molero J, Urtiaga C, Fernández-Villa T, Ardanaz E, Rivas-del-Fresno M, Molina-Barceló A, Jiménez-Moleón JJ, García-Martinez L, Amiano P, Rodriguez-Cundin P, Moreno V, Pérez-Gómez B, Aragonés N, Kogevinas M, Pollán M, Llorca J. Pigmentation phototype and prostate and breast cancer in a select Spanish population-A Mendelian randomization analysis in the MCC-Spain study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201750. [PMID: 30106959 PMCID: PMC6091948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phototype has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, and it is yet unknown if it is related to other hormone-dependent cancers, such as breast cancer or whether this association could be considered causal. METHODS We examined the association between the phototype and breast and prostate cancers using a Mendelian randomization analysis. We studied 1,738 incident cases of breast cancer and another 817 cases of prostate cancer. To perform a Mendelian randomization analysis on the phototype-cancer relationship, a genetic pigmentation score was required that met the following criteria: (1) the genetic pigmentation score was associated with phototype in controls; (2) the genetic pigmentation score was not associated with confounders in the relationship between phototype and cancer, and (3) the genetic pigmentation score was associated with cancer only through its association with phototype. Once this genetic score is available, the association between genetic pigmentation score and cancer can be identified as the association between phototype and cancer. RESULTS The association between the genetic pigmentation score and phototype in controls showed that a higher genetic pigmentation score was associated with fair skin, blond hair, blue eyes and the presence of freckles. Applying the Mendelian randomization analysis, we verified that there was no association between the genetic pigmentation score and cancers of the breast and prostate. CONCLUSIONS Phototype is not associated with breast or prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Gómez-Acebo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Fernández-Navarro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Urtiaga
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Tania Fernández-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones Gen-Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Molina-Barceló
- Área de Cáncer y Salud Pública, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública), Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Lidia García-Martinez
- Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones Gen-Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Moreno
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Subdirección General de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Pollán
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),Spain
- University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
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