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Huang CY, Yu WS, Liu GC, Hung SC, Chang JH, Chang JC, Cheng CL, Sun DS, Lin MD, Lin WY, Tzeng YJ, Chang HH. Opportunistic gill infection is associated with TiO2 nanoparticle-induced mortality in zebrafish. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247859. [PMID: 34283836 PMCID: PMC8291654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large amounts of engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) that have been manufactured have inevitably been released into the ecosystem. Reports have suggested that TiO2 is a relatively inert material that has low toxicity to animals. However, as various types of NPs increasingly accumulate in the ocean, their effects on aquatic life-forms remain unclear. In this study, a zebrafish model was used to investigate TiO2NP-induced injury and mortality. We found that the treatment dosages of TiO2NP are positively associated with increased motility of zebrafish and the bacterial counts in the water. Notably, gill but not dorsal fin and caudal fin of the zebrafish displayed considerably increased bacterial load. Metagenomic analysis further revealed that gut microflora, such as phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, involving more than 95% of total bacteria counts in the NP-injured zebrafish gill samples. These results collectively suggest that opportunistic bacterial infections are associated with TiO2NP-induced mortality in zebrafish. Infections secondary to TiO2NP-induced injury could be a neglected factor determining the detrimental effects of TiO2NPs on wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yi Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Yu
- Tzu-Chi Senior High School Affiliated with Tzu-Chi University, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Geng-Chia Liu
- Tzu-Chi Senior High School Affiliated with Tzu-Chi University, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Hung
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsiang Chang
- Department and Graduate School of Computer Science, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Liang Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Jeh Tzeng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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