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Takemoto H, Kawamoto Y, Higuchi S, Makinose E, Hart JA, Hart TB, Sakamaki T, Tokuyama N, Reinartz GE, Guislain P, Dupain J, Cobden AK, Mulavwa MN, Yangozene K, Darroze S, Devos C, Furuichi T. The mitochondrial ancestor of bonobos and the origin of their major haplogroups. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174851. [PMID: 28467422 PMCID: PMC5414932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here where the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of bonobos (Pan paniscus) ranged and how they dispersed throughout their current habitat. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecular dating to analyze the time to MRCA (TMRCA) and the major mtDNA haplogroups of wild bonobos were performed using new estimations of divergence time of bonobos from other Pan species to investigate the dispersal routes of bonobos over the forest area of the Congo River’s left bank. The TMRCA of bonobos was estimated to be 0.64 or 0.95 million years ago (Ma). Six major haplogroups had very old origins of 0.38 Ma or older. The reconstruction of the ancestral area revealed the mitochondrial ancestor of the bonobo populations ranged in the eastern area of the current bonobos’ habitat. The haplogroups may have been formed from either the riparian forests along the Congo River or the center of the southern Congo Basin. Fragmentation of the forest refugia during the cooler periods may have greatly affected the formation of the genetic structure of bonobo populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takemoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (TF)
| | - Yoshi Kawamoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Shoko Higuchi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Emiko Makinose
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - John A. Hart
- Lukuru Foundation, Projet Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba (TL2), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Térese B. Hart
- Lukuru Foundation, Projet Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba (TL2), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Nahoko Tokuyama
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Gay E. Reinartz
- Bonobo and Congo Biodiversity Initiative, Zoological Society of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Patrick Guislain
- Bonobo and Congo Biodiversity Initiative, Zoological Society of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jef Dupain
- African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amy K. Cobden
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mbangi N. Mulavwa
- Research Center for Ecology and Forestry, Ministry of high Education and Scientific Research, Mabali, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Kumugo Yangozene
- Research Center for Ecology and Forestry, Ministry of high Education and Scientific Research, Mabali, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Serge Darroze
- Consultant Biodiversity, Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, Protected Areas Management and Adaptation to Climate Change, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Céline Devos
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Takeshi Furuichi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (TF)
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