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Zafarullah M, Palczewski G, Rivera SM, Hessl DR, Tassone F. Metabolic profiling reveals dysregulated lipid metabolism and potential biomarkers associated with the development and progression of Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). FASEB J 2020; 34:16676-16692. [PMID: 33131090 PMCID: PMC7756608 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001880r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the FMR1 premutation. It is currently unknown when, and if, individual premutation carriers will develop FXTAS. Thus, with the aim of identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis, development, and progression of FXTAS, we performed global metabolomic profiling of premutation carriers (PM) who, as part of an ongoing longitudinal study, emerged into two distinct categories: those who developed symptoms of FXTAS (converters, CON) at subsequent visits and those who did not (non-converters, NCON) and we compared to age-matched healthy controls (HC). We assessed CGG repeat allele size by Southern Blot and PCR analysis. Metabolomic profile was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, accurate mass spectrometer, and an Orbitrap mass analyzer. In this study we found 47 metabolites were significantly dysregulated between HC and the premutation groups (PM). Importantly, we identified 24 metabolites that showed significant changes in expression in the CON as compared to the NCON both at V1 and V2, and 70 metabolites in CON as compared to NCON but only at V2. These findings suggest the potential role of the identified metabolites as biomarkers for early diagnosis and for FXTAS disease progression, respectively. Interestingly, the majority of the identified metabolites were lipids, followed by amino acids. To our knowledge, this the first report of longitudinal metabolic profiling and identification of unique biomarkers of FXTAS. The lipid metabolism and specifically the sub pathways involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics, as observed in other neurodegenerative disorders, are significantly altered in FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | | | - Susan M. Rivera
- Center for Mind and BrainUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
| | - David R. Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
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Santos E, Emeka‐Nwonovo C, Wang JY, Schneider A, Tassone F, Hagerman P, Hagerman R. Developmental aspects of FXAND in a man with the FMR1 premutation. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1050. [PMID: 31899609 PMCID: PMC7005639 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation can cause developmental problems including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), social anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These problems fall under an umbrella term of Fragile X-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) and is separate from Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a neurodegenerative disorder. METHODS/CLINICAL CASE A 26-year-old Caucasian male with the Fragile X premutation who presented with multiple behavior and emotional problems including depression and anxiety at 10 years of age. He was evaluated at 13, 18, and 26 years old with age-appropriate cognitive assessments, psychiatric evaluations, and an MRI of the brain. RESULTS The Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale (ADOS) was done at 13 years old and showed the patient has autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An evaluation at 18 years old showed a full-scale IQ of 64. A Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) performed at 26 years old confirmed the previous impression of social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia disorder, and selective mutism. His MRI acquired at 26 years old showed enlarged ventricles, increased frontal subarachnoid spaces, and hypergyrification. CONCLUSION This is an exemplary case of an FMR1 premutation carrier with significant psychiatric and cognitive issues that demonstrates Fragile X-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) as separate from the other well-known premutation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellery Santos
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | | | - Jun Yi Wang
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- Center for Mind and BrainUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Andrea Schneider
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Paul Hagerman
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
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Ramaiah M, Tan K, Plank TDM, Song HW, Chousal JN, Jones S, Shum EY, Sheridan SD, Peterson KJ, Gromoll J, Haggarty SJ, Cook-Andersen H, Wilkinson MF. A microRNA cluster in the Fragile-X region expressed during spermatogenesis targets FMR1. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e46566. [PMID: 30573526 PMCID: PMC6362356 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Testis-expressed X-linked genes typically evolve rapidly. Here, we report on a testis-expressed X-linked microRNA (miRNA) cluster that despite rapid alterations in sequence has retained its position in the Fragile-X region of the X chromosome in placental mammals. Surprisingly, the miRNAs encoded by this cluster (Fx-mir) have a predilection for targeting the immediately adjacent gene, Fmr1, an unexpected finding given that miRNAs usually act in trans, not in cis Robust repression of Fmr1 is conferred by combinations of Fx-mir miRNAs induced in Sertoli cells (SCs) during postnatal development when they terminate proliferation. Physiological significance is suggested by the finding that FMRP, the protein product of Fmr1, is downregulated when Fx-mir miRNAs are induced, and that FMRP loss causes SC hyperproliferation and spermatogenic defects. Fx-mir miRNAs not only regulate the expression of FMRP, but also regulate the expression of eIF4E and CYFIP1, which together with FMRP form a translational regulatory complex. Our results support a model in which Fx-mir family members act cooperatively to regulate the translation of batteries of mRNAs in a developmentally regulated manner in SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Ramaiah
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kun Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Terra-Dawn M Plank
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hye-Won Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Chousal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Jones
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eleen Y Shum
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jörg Gromoll
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Cook-Andersen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miles F Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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