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Tavakoli A, Lotfi F, Lotfi M, Bayati M, Seif M, Salesi M, Emadi M, Keshavarz K, Delavari S. COVID-19 Reinfection Rate and Related Risk Factors in Fars Province, Iran: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Iran J Med Sci 2023; 48:302-312. [PMID: 37791328 PMCID: PMC10542930 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2022.94615.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Reinfection with Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) has raised remarkable public health concerns globally. Therefore, the present retrospective cohort study intended to investigate COVID-19 reinfection in registered patients of Fars province in Iran from February 2020 to April 2021. Methods The patients' data, including the COVID-19 infection, symptoms, comorbidities, and demographics, were collected using the Health Information Systems (HISs). The patients were divided into three groups in terms of the duration between the initial infection and reinfection, including 28-44, 45-89, and more than 90 days. Following the univariate analysis, logistic regression was used to investigate the factors effective on COVID-19 reinfection. Results A total of 213768 patients had a positive Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test. The reinfection rate was 0.97% (2079 patients). Of these re-infected individuals, 14.9%, 18.5%, and 66.6% had their second positive test 28-45, 45-89, and ≥90 days later, respectively. The mean duration between the initial infection and reinfection was 130.56 days (29-370 days). The chance of reinfection was significantly higher in the youths (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.055; P<0.001), men (OR=1.283; P<0.001), urban population (OR=1.313; P<0.001), and healthcare providers (OR=4.453; P<0.001). The patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, chronic kidney diseases, and malignancy were 1.421 (P=0.036), 2.239 (P<0.001), and 3.437 (P<0.001) times, respectively, more likely prone to reinfection. Conclusion The results of this study showed that there is a higher risk of reinfection in several vulnerable groups including healthcare providers, young individuals, residents of urban areas, men, and individuals with underlying diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tavakoli
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Lotfi
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Lotfi
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Seif
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Salesi
- Chemical Injuries Research Ccenter, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Emadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khosro Keshavarz
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Delavari
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Najafipour H, Masoumi M, Amirzadeh R, Rostamzadeh F, Foad R, Shadkam Farrokhi M. Trends in the Prevalence and Incidence of Opium Abuse and its Association with Coronary Artery Risk Factors in Adult Population in Iran: Findings from Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study. Iran J Med Sci 2022; 47:328-337. [PMID: 35919081 PMCID: PMC9339109 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.89898.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of opium addiction in Iran is high probably due to the belief that opium has preventive effects against cardiovascular diseases. In the second phase of Kerman coronary artery disease risk factors study, the prevalence, incidence rate, and the association between opium use and other coronary artery disease risk factors (CADRFs) were assessed. METHODS In a cross-sectional study (2014-2018), 9996 inhabitants of Kerman, southeastern Iran, aged 15-80 years were recruited to the study. After taking fasting blood samples, the participants were examined or interviewed for demographic data and CADRFs, including opium use. The participants were categorized into "never", "occasional", and "dependent" users. The association between opium use and CADRFs was assessed with adjusted regression analysis (Stata v.11 software). RESULTS The overall prevalence of opium consumption was lower than that of five years earlier (P<0.01). The prevalence was currently higher in men than women and decreased in men between the two phases (P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between opium use and depression (P<0.001), anxiety (P<0.05), and a negative association with the level of physical activity (P<0.001). The five-year incident rate of dependent and occasional opium use was 4.2 and 3.9 persons/100 person-years, respectively. The incidence of opium use was higher in diabetic, hypertensive, depressed, anxious, and obese subjects. CONCLUSION The study did not demonstrate any protective effects of opium on CADRFs. Considering the higher rate of opium use in subjects with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and psychological disorders, the health authorities should implement educational programs to warn and correct the unsafe belief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Masoumi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahele Amirzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute of Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rostamzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahim Foad
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mitra Shadkam Farrokhi
- Gastroenterology and Hepathology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Birgisson H, Olafsdottir EJ, Sverrisdottir A, Einarsson S, Smaradottir A, Tryggvadottir L. [Screening for cancer of the colon and rectum A review on incidence, mortality, cost and benefit]. LAEKNABLADID 2021; 107:398-405. [PMID: 34673541 DOI: 10.17992/lbl.2021.09.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article the incidence and mortality for cancer of the colon and rectum in Iceland is discussed. The two most common screening methods, faecal immunochemical test (FIT) and colonoscopy are compared and an estimate of cost and benefits for the Icelandic society will be made. The incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum has been increasing in Iceland in last decades but mortality has decreased and survival improved. However, more individuals die from cancer of the colon and rectum than from both breast- and cervical cancer added together. It is likely that screening for cancer of the colon and rectum, could prevent at least 6 of the 28 deaths related to those cancers, occurring yearly in Iceland in screening age, given a screening ages of 50-74 years. The extra cost for the Icelandic community due to the implementation of screening for cancer of the colon and rectum will be acceptable due to the lower cost of simpler treatments, lower cancer incidence and reduced mortality.
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Abstract
This review describes the epidemiology of childhood diabetes in India. It focuses on the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes and its complications and comorbid conditions. The review also covers data related to type 2 diabetes, glucose intolerance, and monogenic diabetes from India. A brief discussion regarding unique contributions from India to the world literature is included. The topics discussed include use of camel milk as adjuvant therapy in type 1 diabetes, relevance of the A1/A2 hypothesis, and comprehensive clinico-etiopathological classification of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India,Address for correspondence: Sanjay Kalra, MD, DM Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Kunjpura Road, Karnal 132001, India Tel: +91-9896048555 Fax: +91-1844046554 E-mail:
| | - Mudita Dhingra
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Radha Kishan Hospital, Kurukshetra, India
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Jeong SH, Lee NY, Kim SH, Chung IW, Youn T, Kang UG, Ahn YM, You HY, Kim YS. Long-Term Evolution of Metabolic Status in Patients with Schizophrenia Stably Maintained on Second-Generation Antipsychotics. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:628-637. [PMID: 29940717 PMCID: PMC6018140 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.01.18.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) increase the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite the risk of MetS, SGAs may have to be continued with change in some patients. The aim of this study was to trace the evolution of MetS in these patients. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia who had been maintained on a fixed SGA regimen for more than a year were followed-up without changing the regimen. Metabolic indicators were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up. Prevalence, incidence and spontaneous normalization rate of MetS were estimated. Risk factors that might have influenced the evolution were scrutinized. RESULTS A total of 151 subjects were included. During the mean observation period of 389.9±162.4 days, the prevalence of MetS was increased from 35.1 to 45.0%. The incidence rate was 29.6%, while the normalization rate was 26.4%, risk factors affecting incidence were age (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.17), baseline continuous values of metabolic syndrome risk scores (cMetS, OR=1.77, 95% CI:1.29-2.55) and baseline body weight (OR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.13). Normalization was influenced by age (OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.57-0.89) and baseline body weight (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-0.95). CONCLUSION The prevalence of MetS steadily increased with the continuous use of SGAs. However, individual difference was extensive and about a quarter of the patients were able to recover naturally without specific measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoon Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - In Won Chung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tak Youn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Gu Kang
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young You
- College of Nursing Science, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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