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Dundar I, Akinci A, Camtosun E, Ciftci N, Kayas L. Presentation, Diagnosis, and Follow-Up Characteristics of 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency Cases with Exon 1-6 Deletion (Founder Mutation) in the CYP17A1Gene: 20-Year Single-Center Experience. Sex Dev 2023; 17:43-50. [PMID: 36652930 DOI: 10.1159/000529158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is characterized by decreased sex steroids and cortisol synthesis, as well as an increased mineralocorticoid effect. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of patients with 17OHD and to discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up process. METHODS Age, symptoms, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and hormonal, biochemical, and chromosomal analysis results of 13 patients diagnosed with 17OHD between 2003 and 2022 were recorded at admission and during follow-up. Whole gene next-generation sequencing was performed for the CYP17A1 gene. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to detect deletions in patients without point mutations in CYP17A1. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 14.0 (3.5-16.8) years. Nine of 13 patients (69.2%) had 46,XY karyotypes. All patients were phenotypically female and were raised as girls. The most common reasons for admission were the absence of puberty and amenorrhea (n = 8, 61.5%), followed by hypertension (n = 3, 23.0%), and family screening (n = 2, 15.3%). At the time of diagnosis, hypertension was detected in 10 (76.9%) patients, and 11 (84.6%) patients had hypokalemia. CONCLUSIONS 17OHD should be considered in patients with pubertal delay/primary amenorrhea, hypertension, and hypokalemia. Adrenal function should be included in the clinical study of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, after excluding Turner syndrome, in all 46,XX females. Deletion in the CYP17A1 gene, including exons 1-6, is the founder mutation for Turkey's east and southeast regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Dundar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Aysehan Akinci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Emine Camtosun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Ciftci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Leman Kayas
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Gong Y, Qin F, Li WJ, Li LY, He P, Zhou XJ. Cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 mutation causes severe pseudohermaphroditism: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3553-3560. [PMID: 35611191 PMCID: PMC9048556 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i11.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17α-Hydroxylase deficiency (17-OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and gonadal dysplasia. However, due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of this disease, it is prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis, and there is no complete cure.
CASE SUMMARY We report a female patient with 17-OHD. The patient was admitted to the Department of Neurology of our hospital due to limb weakness. During treatment, it was found that the patient’s condition was difficult to correct except for hypokalemia, and her blood pressure was difficult to control with various antihypertensive drugs. She was then transferred to our department for further treatment. On physical examination, the patient's gonadal development was found to be abnormal, and chromosome analysis demonstrated karyotype 46,XY. Considering the possibility of 17-OHD, the cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (CYP17A1) test was performed to confirm the diagnosis.
CONCLUSION The clinical manifestations of 17-OHD are complex. Hormone determination, imaging examination, chromosome determination and CYP17A1 gene test are helpful for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fang Qin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Jia Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Le-Yu Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing-Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei Province, China
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Kurnaz E, Kartal Baykan E, Türkyılmaz A, Yaralı O, Yavaş Abalı Z, Turan S, Bereket A, Çayır A, Guran T. Genotypic Sex and Severity of the Disease Determine the Time of Clinical Presentation in Steroid 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase Deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 93:558-566. [PMID: 33780934 DOI: 10.1159/000515079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is characterized by decreased sex steroids and cortisol, and excessive mineralocorticoid action. The clinical symptoms of hypocortisolemia are subtle. AIM The clinical, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of patients with 17OHD were evaluated to determine the factors influencing the time of diagnosis and the management. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical data, steroid profiles by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and Sanger sequencing of the CYP17A1 gene was evaluated in 12 patients with 17OHD diagnosed between 2004 and 2020. RESULTS Median age of diagnosis was 13.9 (range: 0.04-29.5) years. Ten of 12 patients had 46,XY karyotype. Except for one boy with partial 17OHD, all patients had female external genitalia hence raised as females. The clinical presentation of 17OHD was earlier (median age: 7 years) in patients, who presented with severe hypertension, atypical genitalia, or positive family history (n = 6, 50%) than those without (median age: 15.3 years; p = 0.0005). The latter group presented with amenorrhea (n = 6, 50%). Steroid profile of patients uniformly showed a typical pattern of 17OHD regardless of the age at diagnosis. Serum gonadotropin concentrations were elevated in patients >12 years (n = 7), normal in pre-adolescents (n = 4), and low in a patient, who had a digenic inheritance of homozygous CYP17A1 and KISS1R mutations. CONCLUSIONS Early clinical presentation and diagnosis in 17OHD are associated with symptomatic hypertension in both 46,XX and 46,XY patients or inadequate virilization of external genitalia in 46,XY partial 17OHD. In the absence of these, the clinical presentation is at late pubertal ages at which time amenorrhea and elevated gonadotropins are the hints for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Kurnaz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Erzurum Regional Research and Training Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Kartal Baykan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Erzurum Regional Research and Training Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayberk Türkyılmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erzurum Regional Research and Training Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Yaralı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erzurum Regional Research and Training Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zehra Yavaş Abalı
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atilla Çayır
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Erzurum Regional Research and Training Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Tulay Guran
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bolu S, Eröz R, Tekin M, Doğan M. Atypical presentation in patients with 17 α-hydroxylase deficiency caused by a deletion in the CYP17A1 gene: short stature. Turk J Pediatr 2020; 62:851-857. [PMID: 33108090 DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17 OHD) usually present with tall stature and eunuchoid features, rather than growth retardation. However, unlike the classic form of the disease, short stature due to a lack of pubertal growth spurt and sex hormone deficiency was present in our four cases. We wanted to emphasize that short stature might be the cause of first presentation in patients with 17 OHD. CASES We report five patients of Kurdish origin with 17 OHD, four of whom had short stature; two presented because of short stature and two were detected as having short stature. The external genitalia had a female appearance and was prepubertal in all cases. Hypertension was also detected in four of the patients. Serum biochemical and hormonal analyses were performed for each patient. Laboratory data suggesting severe growth hormone (GH) deficiency were obtained from one patient, while the other had a familial history suggesting constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP). Whole exome sequence analysis of the CYP17A1 gene was performed on all patients. STR fragment analysis and multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis was also performed to detect mutations associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in the CYP17A1 gene. No mutation was detected in the whole exome sequence analysis of the CYP17A1 gene in all five patients, although wide deletions were identified in the 1st-6th exons of this gene at MLPA analysis. CONCLUSIONS Patients with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency can present with short stature because they have no pubertal growth spurt during adolescence. Therefore, 17 OHD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with delayed puberty and short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Bolu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Recep Eröz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tekin
- Department of Pediatrics, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Doğan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey
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Abstract
A new concept is emerging in biomedical sciences: the gut microbiota is a virtual 'organ' with endocrine function. Here, we explore the literature pertaining to the role of gut microbial metabolism of endogenous adrenocorticosteroids as a contributing factor in the etiology of essential hypertension. A body of literature demonstrates that bacterial products of glucocorticoid metabolism are absorbed into the portal circulation, and pass through the kidney before excretion into urine. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome patients were found to have congenital mutations resulting in non-functional renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2) and severe hypertension often lethal in childhood. 11β-HSD2 acts as a "guardian" enzyme protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor from excess cortisol, preventing sodium and water retention in the normotensive state. Licorice root, whose active ingredient, glycerrhetinic acid (GA), inhibits renal 11β-HSD2, and thereby causes hypertension in some individuals. Bacterially derived glucocorticoid metabolites may cause hypertension in some patients by a similar mechanism. Parallel observations in gut microbiology coupled with screening of endogenous steroids as inhibitors of 11β-HSD2 have implicated particular gut bacteria in essential hypertension through the production of glycerrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs). A protective role of GALFs produced by gut bacteria in the etiology of colorectal cancer is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Abstract
The main purpose of this review article is threefold (a) to try to address the question "why are two adrenal glucocorticoids, cortisol and corticosterone, secreted by humans and other mammalian species?", (b) to outline a hypothesis that under certain physiological conditions, corticosterone has additional biochemical functions over and above those of cortisol, and (c) to emphasize the role of gastrointestinal bacteria in chemically transforming corticosterone into metabolites and that these re-cycled metabolites can be reabsorbed from the enterohepatic circuit. Cortisol and its metabolites are not secreted into the bile and thus are excluded from the enterohepatic circuit. Corticosterone was the first steroid hormone isolated from adrenal gland extracts. Many believe that corticosterone functions identically to cortisol. Yet, corticosterone causes significant sodium retention and potassium secretion in Addisonian patients, unlike cortisol. In humans, corticosterone and its metabolite, 3α,5α-TH-corticosterone, are excreted via the bile in humans where they are transformed in the intestine by anaerobic bacteria into 21-dehydroxylated products: 11β-OH-progesterone or 11β-OH-(allo)-5α-preganolones. These metabolites inhibit 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 dehydrogenase, being many-fold more potent than 3α,5α-TH-cortisol. Corticosterone has significantly lower Km's for both 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 enzymatic dehydrogenase activity, compared to cortisol. Patients diagnosed with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency have elevated blood pressure and high levels of circulating corticosterone, 3α,5α-TH-corticosterone, and their 21-dehydroxlated corticosterone derivatives. In humans, these 5α-corticosterone metabolites are likely to influence blood pressure regulation and Na(+) retention by inhibiting the rate of deactivation of cortisol by 11β-HSD isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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Morris DJ, Latif SA, Brem AS. An alternative explanation of hypertension associated with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome. Steroids 2014; 79:44-8. [PMID: 24176792 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The syndrome of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency is due to the inability to synthesize cortisol and is associated with enhanced secretion of both corticosterone and 11-deoxy-corticosterone (DOC). In humans, corticosterone and its 5α-Ring A-reduced metabolites are excreted via the bile into the intestine and transformed by anaerobic bacteria to 21-dehydroxylated products: 11β-OH-progesterone or 11β-OH-(allo)-5α-preganolones (potent inhibitors of 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 dehydrogenase). Neomycin blocks the formation of these steroid metabolites and can blunt the hypertension in rats induced by either ACTH or corticosterone. 3α,5α-Tetrahydro-corticosterone, 11β-hydroxy-progesterone, and 3α,5α-tetrahydro-11β-hydroxy-progesterone strongly inhibit 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity; all these compounds are hypertensinogenic when infused in adrenally intact rats. Urine obtained from a patient with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency demonstrated markedly elevated levels of endogenous glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs) that inhibit 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1 dehydrogenase activity (>300 times greater, and >400 times greater, respectively, than those in normotensive controls). Thus, in addition to DOC, corticosterone and its 5α-pathway products as well as the 11-oxygenated progesterone derivatives may play a previously unrecognized role in the increased Na(+) retention and BP associated with patients with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Syed A Latif
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Andrew S Brem
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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