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Wang X, Ding M, Zhao H, Zhou M, Lu X, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Wang R. Stereospecificity of Ginsenoside AD-1 and AD-2 Showed Anticancer Activity via Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Cell Apoptosis. Molecules 2023; 28:6698. [PMID: 37764474 PMCID: PMC10536438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the anti-cancer activity and molecular mechanisms of the isomers of AD-1 and AD-2 (20(R)-AD-1, 20(R)-AD-2, 20(S)-AD-1 and 20(S)-AD-2) were investigated. The results indicated that all of the four compounds obviously suppressed the viability of various cancer cells, and the anti-cancer activity of 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 was significantly better than 20(S)-AD-1 and 20(S)-AD-2, especially for gastric cancer cells (BGC-803). Then, the differences in the anti-cancer mechanisms of the isomers were investigated. The data showed that 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 induced apoptosis and decreased MMP, up-regulated the expression of cytochrome C in cytosol, transferred Bax to the mitochondria, suppressed oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis and stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Apoptosis can be attenuated by the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine. However, 20(S)-AD-1 and 20(S)-AD-2 barely exhibited the same results. The results indicated that 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 suppressed cellular energy metabolism and caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, which ROS generation was probably involved in. Above all, the data support the development of 20(R)-AD-1 and 20(R)-AD-2 as potential agents for human gastric carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xude Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China;
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Meng Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061000, China;
| | - Hong Zhao
- China College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; (H.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengru Zhou
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Xuan Lu
- China College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; (H.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Qinggao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China;
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China;
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