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Cao W, Yu P, Yang S, Li Z, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Li H. Discovery of Novel Mono-Carbonyl Curcumin Derivatives as Potential Anti-Hepatoma Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:6796. [PMID: 37836639 PMCID: PMC10574324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin possesses a wide spectrum of liver cancer inhibition effects, yet it has chemical instability and poor metabolic properties as a drug candidate. To alleviate these problems, a series of new mono-carbonyl curcumin derivatives G1-G7 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Compound G2 was found to be the most potent derivative (IC50 = 15.39 μM) compared to curcumin (IC50 = 40.56 μM) by anti-proliferation assay. Subsequently, molecular docking, wound healing, transwell, JC-1 staining, and Western blotting experiments were performed, and it was found that compound G2 could suppress cell migration and induce cell apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT and affecting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Moreover, the HepG2 cell xenograft model and H&E staining results confirmed that compound G2 was more effective than curcumin in inhibiting tumor growth. Hence, G2 is a promising leading compound with the potential to be developed as a chemotherapy agent for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Cao
- College of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei 230000, China;
- College of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Pan Yu
- College of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei 230000, China;
- College of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Shilong Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zheyu Li
- College of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Qixuan Zhang
- College of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Zengge Liu
- College of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongzhuo Li
- College of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.L.); (H.L.)
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Ziyeh S, Wong L, Basho RK. Advances in Endocrine Therapy for Hormone Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:689-698. [PMID: 37004700 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of the current management of hormone receptor-positive (HR +) advanced breast cancer as well as highlight ongoing clinical investigation and novel therapies in development. RECENT FINDINGS CDK4/6 inhibition plus endocrine therapy is standard front-line therapy for HR + advanced breast cancer. Continuation of CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with alternative endocrine therapy has been evaluated in the second-line setting. Alternatively, endocrine therapy in combination with PI3K/AKT pathway targeting agents has been studied, particularly in patients with PI3K pathway alterations. The oral SERD elacestrant has also been evaluated in patients with ESR1 mutation. Many novel endocrine agents and targeted agents are in development. An improved understanding of combination therapies and sequencing of therapies is needed to optimize the treatment paradigm. Biomarker development is needed to guide treatment decisions. Advances in the treatment of HR + breast cancer have resulted in improved patient outcomes in recent years. Continued development efforts with identification of biomarkers to better understand response and resistance to therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvina Ziyeh
- UCLA Olive View Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lauren Wong
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Reva K Basho
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.
- The Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
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Matsubara N, de Bono J, Sweeney C, Chi KN, Olmos D, Sandhu S, Massard C, Garcia J, Chen G, Harris A, Schenkel F, Sane R, Hinton H, Bracarda S, Sternberg CN. Safety Profile of Ipatasertib Plus Abiraterone vs Placebo Plus Abiraterone in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2023; 21:230-237.e1. [PMID: 36697317 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adding ipatasertib to abiraterone and prednisone/prednisolone significantly improved radiographic progression-free survival for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with PTEN-loss tumours by immunohistochemistry in the IPATential150 trial (NCT03072238). Here we characterise the safety of these agents in subpopulations and assess manageability of key adverse events (AEs). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial, patients with previously untreated asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic mCRPC were randomised 1:1 to receive ipatasertib-abiraterone or placebo-abiraterone (all with prednisone/prednisolone). AEs were analysed, focusing on key AEs of diarrhoea, hyperglycaemia, rash and transaminase increased. RESULTS 1097 patients received study medication and were assessed for safety (47% with PTEN-loss tumours by immunohistochemistry and 20% were Asian). Ipatasertib was associated with increased Grade 3/4 AEs and AEs leading to treatment discontinuation vs placebo. The rate of discontinuation of ipatasertib was 18% in patients with PTEN-loss and 21% overall. The frequencies of all-grade, Grade 3/4 and serious AEs were similar between the PTEN-loss and overall populations. Diarrhoea, hyperglycaemia, rash and transaminase elevation were more frequent in ipatasertib-treated patients, appearing rapidly after treatment initiation (median onset: 8-43 days for ipatasertib arm and 56-104 days for placebo). The ipatasertib discontinuation rate was 32% and 18% in Asian and non-Asian patients, respectively, despite similar baseline characteristics and Grade 3/4 AE frequencies between groups. CONCLUSIONS Ipatasertib plus abiraterone had an overall tolerable safety profile consistent with known toxicities. More AEs leading to drug discontinuation were observed with ipatasertib than placebo, but incidence would likely be lessened with prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Matsubara
- Division of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Johann de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Olmos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Bracarda
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria-Terni, Terni, Italy.
| | - Cora N Sternberg
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY.
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McGuinness JE, Altoe ML, Marone A, Franks LE, Lee SM, Kim HK, Tejada M, Trivedi MS, Accordino MK, Crew KD, Hershman DL, Hielscher AH, Kalinsky K. Diffuse optical tomography breast imaging measurements are modifiable with pre-surgical targeted and endocrine therapies among women with early stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 189:297-304. [PMID: 34213660 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffuse optical tomography breast imaging system (DOTBIS) non-invasively measures tissue concentration of hemoglobin, which is a potential biomarker of short-term response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We evaluated whether DOTBIS-derived measurements are modifiable with targeted therapies, including AKT inhibition and endocrine therapy. METHODS We conducted a proof of principle study in seven postmenopausal women with stage I-III breast cancer who were enrolled in pre-surgical studies of the AKT inhibitor MK-2206 (n = 4) or the aromatase inhibitors exemestane (n = 2) and letrozole (n = 1). We performed DOTBIS at baseline (before initiation of therapy) and post-therapy in the affected breast (tumor volume) and contralateral, unaffected breast, and measured tissue concentrations (in μM) of total hemoglobin (ctTHb), oxyhemoglobin (ctO2Hb), and deoxyhemoglobin (ctHHb), as well as water fraction (%). RESULTS We found consistent decreases in DOTBIS-measured hemoglobin concentrations in tumor volume, with median percent changes for ctTHb, ctHHb, ctO2Hb, and water fraction for the entire cohort of - 27.1% (interquartile range [IQR] 37.5%), - 49.8% (IQR 29.3%), - 33.5% (IQR 47.4%), and - 3.6% (IQR 10.6%), respectively. In the contralateral breast, median percent changes for ctTHb, ctHHb, ctO2Hb, and water fraction were + 1.8% (IQR 26.7%), - 8.6% (IQR 29.3%), + 6.2% (IQR 29.5%), and + 1.9% (IQR 30.7%), respectively. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that DOTBIS-derived measurements are modifiable with pre-surgical AKT inhibition and endocrine therapy, supporting further investigation of DOTBIS as a potential imaging assessment of response to neoadjuvant targeted therapies in early stage breast cancer.
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Tu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang D, Yang J, Li X, Ji K, Wu X, Liu R, Zhang Q. Light-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generator for Tumor Therapy through an ROS Burst in Mitochondria and AKT-Inactivation-Induced Apoptosis. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:5222-5230. [PMID: 35007004 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are identified as a valuable target for cancer therapy owing to their primary function in energy supply and cellular signal regulation. Mitochondria in tumor cells are depicted by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), which lead to numerous detrimental results. Hence, mitochondria-targeting ROS-associated therapy is an optional therapeutic strategy for cancer. In this contribution, a light-induced ROS generator (TBTP) is developed for evaluation of the efficacy of mitochondria-targeting ROS-associated therapy and investigation of the mechanism underlying mitochondrial-injure-mediated therapy of tumors. TBTP serves as an efficient ROS generator with low cytotoxicity, favorable biocompatibility, excellent photostability, mitochondria-targeted properties, and NIR emission. In vivo and in vitro experiments reveal that TBTP exhibits effective anticancer potential. ROS generated from TBTP could destroy the integrity of mitochondria, downregulate ATP, decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential, secrete Cyt-c into cytoplasm, activate Caspase-3/9, and induce cell apoptosis. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis highlights that an ROS burst in mitochondria can kill tumor cells via inhibition of the AKT pathway. All these results prove that mitochondrial-targeted ROS-associated therapy hold great potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Tu
- Affiliated Caner Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jinghong Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Kaiyuan Ji
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qianbing Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Richter A, Fischer E, Holz C, Schulze J, Lange S, Sekora A, Knuebel G, Henze L, Roolf C, Murua Escobar H, Junghanss C. Combined Application of Pan-AKT Inhibitor MK-2206 and BCL-2 Antagonist Venetoclax in B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2771. [PMID: 33803402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant PI3K/AKT signaling is a hallmark of acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) resulting in increased tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis deficiency. While previous AKT inhibitors struggled with selectivity, MK-2206 promises meticulous pan-AKT targeting with proven anti-tumor activity. We herein, characterize the effect of MK-2206 on B-ALL cell lines and primary samples and investigate potential synergistic effects with BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax to overcome limitations in apoptosis induction. MK-2206 incubation reduced AKT phosphorylation and influenced downstream signaling activity. Interestingly, after MK-2206 mono application tumor cell proliferation and metabolic activity were diminished significantly independently of basal AKT phosphorylation. Morphological changes but no induction of apoptosis was detected in the observed cell lines. In contrast, primary samples cultivated in a protective microenvironment showed a decrease in vital cells. Combined MK-2206 and venetoclax incubation resulted in partially synergistic anti-proliferative effects independently of application sequence in SEM and RS4;11 cell lines. Venetoclax-mediated apoptosis was not intensified by addition of MK-2206. Functional assessment of BCL-2 inhibition via Bax translocation assay revealed slightly increased pro-apoptotic signaling after combined MK-2206 and venetoclax incubation. In summary, we demonstrate that the pan-AKT inhibitor MK-2206 potently blocks B-ALL cell proliferation and for the first time characterize the synergistic effect of combined MK-2206 and venetoclax treatment in B-ALL.
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive subtype of breast cancer. TNBC is a heterogenous subtype of breast cancer that is beginning to be refined by its molecular characteristics and clinical response to a targeted therapeutic approach. Until recently the backbone of therapy against TNBC has been cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, the breast oncology community is now seeing encouraging clinical activity from molecularly targeted approaches to TNBC. Recently, we have seen 3 newly approved targeted therapies for TNBC, including the PARP inhibitors olaparib and talazoparib for germline BRCA mutation associated breast cancer (gBRCAm-BC) and most recently the checkpoint inhibitor, atezolizumab in combination with nab-paclitaxel for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1+) advanced TNBC. Improved biomarkers are needed to inform better patient selection for treatment with checkpoint inhibition. Higher response rates are seen when checkpoint inhibitors are combined with chemotherapy in the first-line setting and the use of these agents at an earlier stage of the disease does show promise. Antibody-drug conjugates are generating much excitement and may allow re-examination of prior cytotoxics that failed in development due to toxicity. Tumor sequencing is identifying potential molecular targets and ongoing studies are evaluating novel small molecule agents in this field such as AKT inhibition and many others. The treatment paradigm of chemotherapy as "one size fits all" approach for management of TNBC is changing based on molecular subtyping. Soon, the term TNBC may no longer be appropriate, as this heterogenous subtype of breast cancer is further refined by its molecular characteristics and clinical response to a targeted therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas G Lyons
- Breast Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 E. 66th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Westin SN, Sill MW, Coleman RL, Waggoner S, Moore KN, Mathews CA, Martin LP, Modesitt SC, Lee S, Ju Z, Mills GB, Schilder RJ, Fracasso PM, Birrer MJ, Aghajanian C. Safety lead-in of the MEK inhibitor trametinib in combination with GSK2141795, an AKT inhibitor, in patients with recurrent endometrial cancer: An NRG Oncology/GOG study. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 155:420-428. [PMID: 31623857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine safety and efficacy of the AKT inhibitor, GSK2141795, combined with the MEK inhibitor, trametinib, in endometrial cancer. METHODS Patients with measurable recurrent endometrial cancer were eligible. One to two prior cytotoxic regimens were allowed; prior use of a MEK or PI3K pathway inhibitor was excluded. Initial trial design consisted of a KRAS mutation stratified randomized phase II with a safety lead-in evaluating the combination. For the safety lead in, the previously recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D; trametinib 1.5 mg, GSK2141795 50 mg) was chosen for Dose Level 1 (DL1). RESULTS Of 26 enrolled patients, 14 were treated on DL1 and 12 were treated on DL-1 (trametinib 1.5 mg, GSK2141795 25 mg). Most common histologies were endometrioid (58%) and serous (27%). Four of 25 (16%) patients were KRAS mutant. Dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) were assessed during cycle 1. DL1 had 8 DLTs (hypertension (n = 2), mucositis (2), rash (2), dehydration, stroke/acute kidney injury). DL1 was deemed non-tolerable so DL-1 was explored. DL-1 had no DLTs. Sixty-five percent of patients had ≥ grade 3 toxicity. There were no responses in DL1 (0%, 90%CI 0-15%) and 1 response in DL-1 (8.3%, 90%CI 0.4-33.9%). Proportion PFS at 6 months for DL1 is 14%, and 25% for DL-1. CONCLUSION The combination of trametinib and GSK2141795 had high levels of toxicity in endometrial cancer at the previously RP2D but was tolerable at a reduced dose. Due to insufficient preliminary efficacy at a tolerable dose, the Phase II study was not initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D Anderson Cancer Center, USA.
| | - Michael W Sill
- NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center Buffalo Office, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, USA.
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D Anderson Cancer Center, USA.
| | - Steven Waggoner
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Kathleen N Moore
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, USA.
| | - Cara A Mathews
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women & Infants Hospital, USA.
| | - Lainie P Martin
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA.
| | - Susan C Modesitt
- Director of Gynecologic Oncology Division, University of Virginia, USA.
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Medicine and the UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia, USA.
| | - Zhenlin Ju
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M. D Anderson Cancer Center, USA.
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Medicine and the UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia, USA.
| | - Russell J Schilder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, USA.
| | - Paula M Fracasso
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, USA.
| | | | - Carol Aghajanian
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, USA.
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Liu W, Jing ZT, Xue CR, Wu SX, Chen WN, Lin XJ, Lin X. PI3K/AKT inhibitors aggravate death receptor-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 381:114729. [PMID: 31445927 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is one of the most frequently activated signaling networks in human cancers and has become a valuable target in anticancer therapy. However, accumulating reports suggest that adverse effects such as severe liver injury and inflammation may accompany treatment with pan-PI3K and pan-AKT inhibitors. Our prior work has demonstrated that activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway has a protective role in Fas- or TNFα-induced hepatocytic cell death and liver injury. We postulated that PI3K or AKT inhibitors may exacerbate liver damage via the death factor-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. In this study we found that several drugs targeting PI3K/AKT either clinically used or in clinical trials sensitized hepatocytes to agonistic anti-Fas antibody- or TNFα-induced apoptosis and significantly shortened the survival of mice in in vivo liver damage models. The PI3K or AKT inhibitors promoted Fas aggregation, inhibited the expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein S and L (FLIPL/S), and enhanced procaspase-8 activation. Conversely, cotreatment with the AKT specific activator SC79 reversed these effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that PI3K or AKT inhibitors may render hepatocytes hypersensitive to Fas- or TNFα-induced apoptosis and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Tang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao-Rong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-Jian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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